A Topic of Moral Theology
Fear
Acting under fear or duress: how grave fear affects the freedom, validity, and guilt of human acts, and when it excuses.
The works themselves ask 29 questions under this heading — see them together with their answers.
Within this topic
See also Marriage contracted under grave fear — in Violence and Fear · Fear and ignorance as excuses from censures — in The Nature of an Ecclesiastical Censure
Also asked about as…
coerced · forced to act · under duress (ed.)
In the index as Fear · Vow · Fear: what it is and of how many kinds · Ignorance · Law · Concupiscence · Desire · Error · Involuntary · Passion · Voluntary (Voluntarium) · Betrothals · Boldness · Censure · Consent · Contract · Emulation · Envy · Indignation · Intrinsically · Love · Marriage · Oath · Obstacles to Consent
In the manuals
Read the manuals side by side → — each work's whole treatment in its own column
A Manual of Moral Theology for English-Speaking Countries
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. III, Section II. Concupiscence, n. 5 — The evil motions of anger, impurity, rash judgement which precede all advertence and deliberation of the mind, cannot of course be sinful, as they are not voluntary. They become sinful when consent is yielded to them aft… Read in context →
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. III, Section III. Fear, nn. 1, 2 & 3 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. II, Bk. IX, Ch. X, Article XIII. Violence and Fear, nn. 1 & 2 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Manual of Moral Theology (Manuale Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. I, Pt. II, Sect. II, Ch. II, Art. III, Section I. On the Passions in General, n. 35 — III. Enumeration of the passions. Eleven are enumerated, namely: 1. On the part of the concupiscible appetite: a) Love, which is the complacency of the concupiscible appetite in sensible good, abstracting from its absenc… Read in context →
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. I, Pt. II, Sect. II, Ch. II, Art. III, Section III. On Fear in Particular, nn. 40, 41, 42 & 43 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. II, Tr. II, Diss. I, Pt. II, Sect. II, Chapter II. On the Requisites for a Vow, n. 642 — I. Requisites on the part of the one vowing. There are required a will to bind oneself, sufficient knowledge of the thing promised or of the object of the vow, and perfect liberty. 1. A will to bind oneself, at least imp… Read in context →
Vol. I, Bk. II, Tr. II, Diss. I, Pt. II, Sect. III, Chapter II. On the Promissory Oath Specifically, n. 688 — III. Requisites for validity. For validity some things are required on the part of the one swearing, others on the part of the matter. 1. On the part of the one swearing, almost the same things are required as on the par… Read in context →
Vol. I, Bk. II, Tr. II, Diss. I, Pt. VII, Sect. I, Ch. II, Art. I, § IV, Point II, II. Fear, n. 838 — I. Notion. Fear is a trepidation of mind on account of a present or future danger. Thus Roman Law, L. 1, ff. Quod metus causa, IV, 2.Read in context →
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. VIII, Diss. I, Pt. I, Sect. I, Division, Fittingness, and Governance of Betrothals, n. 659 — I. The notion of betrothals. Betrothals are the mutual promise of matrimony between one man and one woman who are capable. It is said: 1. A promise. Therefore a desire, a mere purpose, or a simple negotiation about enter… Read in context →
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. VIII, Diss. II, Pt. I, Sect. I, Chapter II. Fuller Exposition, n. 706 — V. Sufficiently free from force and fear. Concerning this canon 1087 says: "Matrimony entered by reason of force or grave fear inflicted from without and unjustly, from which, in order that one may free himself, he is co… Read in context →
Moral Theology: A Complete Course (McHugh & Callan)
Vol. I, Pt. I, Q. I, Art. 2. Acts as Human, Obstacles to Consent, nn. 40, 43 & 44 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Pt. II, Q. I, Art. 4. The Virtue of Hope, The Gift of Fear of the Lord, nn. 1043, 1044, 1045, 1048 & 1055 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Pt. II, Q. I, Art. 4. The Virtue of Hope, The Commandments of Hope and of Fear, n. 1103 — Divine Commandments Concerning Fear. Divine Commandments Concerning Fear.—(a) Servile fear was not commanded in the Decalogue by any distinct precept, for fear of punishment is supposed in those who received the law; it was, however, commanded there implici… Read in context →
Vol. I, Pt. II, Q. I, Art. 7. The Sins Against L…, The Sin of Envy, n. 1331 — It was said above (see 1313) that hatred differs from other sins against charity, inasmuch as it dislikes another’s good unqualifiedly, whereas these other sins dislike his good with some qualification. Hence, envy diffe… Read in context →
Vol. I, Pt. II, Q. I, Art. 7. The Sins Against L…, Fear, n. 1334 — Is grief at the prosperity of another a sin, when it is caused by fear of the harm he will do? (a) If it is clear that the other will use his prosperity to act against justice or charity or the like, it is not a sin to g… Read in context →
Vol. I, Pt. II, Q. I, Art. 7. The Sins Against L…, Gravity of the Sin of Envy, n. 1339 — Envy is a greater sin than the other kinds of sorrow at a neighbor’s good. (a) Thus, envy grieves over the neighbor’s good (even if he is worthy), and is greater or less in proportion to that good; (b) emulation grieves … Read in context →
Institutions of Moral Theology (Institutiones Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. I, On Human Acts, I. On the Nature of the Human Act, n. 17 — What are the acts of the will which consist in the pursuit of good and in flight from evil? - These acts of the will can be distinguished according as the passions of the sensitive appetite, to which they correspond, are… Read in context →
Vol. I, On Human Acts, II. On the Impediments of the Human Act, nn. 59, 60, 62 & 63 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, On Laws, IV. On the Obligation of Law, n. 216 — When does the obligation of law cease? Obligation can cease in three ways: either on the part of the subject, or on the part of the superior, or on the part of the law itself. On the part of the subject it can cease: 1. … Read in context →
Vol. I, On Laws, V. On Invalidating and Penal Law, n. 225 — Do ignorance, fear, and grave inconvenience excuse from invalidation? - R. To the first: Negatively, because subjective ignorance, whether of fact or of law, does not supply the objective defect of the act; and thus ther… Read in context →
Vol. I, On the Second Precept of t…, III. On Oath, n. 564 — Does a promissory oath extorted by grave and unjust fear oblige? - The first probable opinion affirms. For the general rule is that any oath is to be kept when it can be done without sin, lest God be brought in as witnes… Read in context →
Vol. I, On the Second Precept of t…, IV. On Vow, n. 576 — Is a vow made through fear valid? - R. Negatively, if the fear is grave, unjust, inflicted from without in order to extort the vow. The reason is that that cannot be acceptable to God which is violently extorted from som… Read in context →
Vol. II, On the Seventh and Tenth P…, IV. On the Modes of Acquiring Ownership by Private Will, n. 944 — Does grave fear invalidate a contract, or at least render it rescindable? - R. Negatively, if there is question of fear from within, or from a necessary or natural cause; or of fear indeed from without, but justly induce… Read in context →
Vol. III, On the Particular Obligati…, I. On the Positive Obligations of Clerics, nn. 99 & 106 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. III, On the Sacraments in General, III. On the Minister of the Sacraments, n. 376 — You will resolve: "If someone, unwilling to confess, enters the confessional and, kneeling, speaks with the confessor about some business, he does not simulate the sacrament, nor does he sin with the sin of lying." L. 60… Read in context →
Vol. IV, On Marriage, I. On Betrothals and on the Banns, n. 922 — Are betrothals entered into through fear invalid by the law itself? If the fear is grave, this is disputed. The first opinion affirms, if the fear is extrinsic and unjust; for they would be valid if the fear were intrins… Read in context →
Vol. IV, On Marriage, III. On the Impediments of Marriage, nn. 1005 & 1023 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. IV, On Censures, I. On the Nature of Censure, nn. 1095 & 1102 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. IV, On the Constitution *Apostolicae Sedis*, nn. 1213 & 1214 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Cases of Conscience, Proposed by Cardinal de Lugo, by Fr. Beniamino Elbel, by Fr. Ioannes Petrus Gury and by Other Authors, and Resolved (Casus conscientiae)
7. On the Voluntary from Fear, nn. 1 & 2 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Commentaries on Human Acts (Commentarii de Actibus Humanis)
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary VII: On Fear, nn. 1–20 (20 passages)
Compendium of Moral Theology of Fr. John Peter Gury, S.J., with the Notes of Antonio Ballerini, S.J.
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. II, Art. III, § III. On Fear, nn. 17, 18 & 19 (15 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Treatise On Contracts, First Part. On Contracts i…, Ch. I, Art. III, § II, Point II. On Fear, nn. ¶1, 780, 781, 782, 783 & 784 (23 passages — hover a number to read it)
Theologia Moralis: Principles — Responses — Counsels
Vol. I, Tr. II, Ch. I, Art. II, § 4. On Fear, nn. 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 & 85 (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Manuale Theologiae Moralis
Vol. I, Pt. I, Tr. II, Ch. II, Art. II, § 3, 2. On Fear, nn. 67, 68, 69, 70 & 71 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Institutiones Morales Alphonsianae
Vol. I, Part First: On the First P…, Tr. III, Ch. I, Art. II, § 2. On Fear, nn. ¶1, ¶285 & ¶286 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Summa Theologiae Moralis
Vol. I, General Moral Theology, Treatise: On Human Acts in…, First Part: On Human Acts …, Section A: On the Conditio…, Ch. I, Question Two: On the Imped…, Article II: On Fear, nn. ¶1, 71, 72, 73, 74 & 75 (18 passages — hover a number to read it)
Theologia Moralis Sancti Alphonsi: Reduced into a Compendium
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. II, Art. III, § III. On Fear, nn. ¶15, ¶16 & ¶17 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Compendium of Moral Theology
Vol. I, Tr. I, Ch. III, Article III. On Fear, nn. 16, 17 & 18 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Christian Theology, Dogmatic and Moral, Volume III: On the Decalogue
Diss. II, One Extorted by Fear or Er…, Chapter VII — On vows extorted by error, or by fear, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI & XII (12 passages — hover a number to read it)
Summa Summae S. Thomae (Billuart)
Billuart, Summa Summae, Tomus II. On the Prima Sec…, On Human Acts, On the Voluntary and the I…, Whether fear causes the involuntary?, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11 (11 passages — hover a number to read it)
The Liber Sextus of Boniface VIII
Bk. I, Title XX: On Things Done by Force or Because of Fear, c. 1 — Chapter I. An absolution from or revocation of excommunication, suspension, or interdict extorted through force does not hold, and the person extorting it is excommunicated by the law itself. John Andrew. Gregory X at the General C… Read in context →
The Decretals of Gregory IX (Liber Extra)
Bk. I, Title XL: On Things Done by Force or Because of Fear, cc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 (7 passages — hover a number to read it)
Palladium Theologicum, Tome V: On the Virtues
Tr. IV, Disputation I: On the Vow, Question VI: Whether fear inflicted on another makes a vow invalid, nn. 1–51 (51 passages)
Christian Theology, Dogmatic and Moral, in Compendium
Diss. I, Chapter VI — On the insufficiency of fear-born, or servile, attrition for the valid receiving of the sacrament of Penance, n. VI — VI. Likewise in the same place, article 5, reply 1, he subjoins: It must be said that in him who does something through fear there remains a repugnance of the will to that which is done, according as it is considered in … Read in context →
Treated under the broader heading Obstacles to Voluntariety — Tanquerey · Coppens, Medical Practice · Rickaby, Moral Philosophy · The Casuist · Coppens, Moral Philosophy — these works do not divide the matter as finely as we do here, so their treatment stands one heading up (ed.)