Commentary — Charles-René Billuart, O.P. · from Schola Thomistica
Summa Summae S. Thomae (Billuart)
First published 1754. With massive thanks to Schola Thomistica, whose transcription of the Latin and English translation made this work available to all. Billuart's own compendium of his great commentary on the Summa of St. Thomas, in the two volumes on moral matter: Tomus II on the Prima Secundae (human acts, conscience and the moral systems, the passions and virtues in general, sins, law, and grace) and Tomus III on the Secunda Secundae through the treatise on right and justice. The Latin is the Schola Thomistica transcription, taken for Tomus II from the e-rara scan of the Zurich copy (1884 printing) and for Tomus III from the Vivès edition (Paris, 1887); the English translation of the text is theirs also (AI-assisted, human-reviewed), given by them to the public domain. The full parallel Latin is kept beside the English throughout; the English headings of the contents are our own. Not included: the later editor's appendix on middle knowledge at the end of Tomus II (not Billuart's work); the tract De regulis fidei of Tomus III (controversy theology, set aside for now); and the continuation of the justice treatise, which the printer carried into Tomus IV, a volume not yet in this library. Four footnotes whose closing bracket the transcription lost were repaired against the parallel language; in one English footnote (on the Clementina Exivi) the inner quotation breaks off in the source, where the Latin is complete. Download: PDF — Tomus II: On the Prima Secundae (Latin & English; the library’s text — the later editor’s middle-knowledge appendix is not included) · PDF — Tomus III: On the Secunda Secundae, Faith to Justice (Latin & English; the library’s text — the tract De regulis fidei is not included)
The standard eighteenth-century Dominican commentary on St. Thomas, in the author's own compendium: the whole Prima Secundae — human acts, conscience (with three dissertations on probabilism against the laxists and a defense of moderate probabiliorism), passions and virtues, sins, law, and grace — and the Secunda Secundae from faith through hope, charity (almsgiving, fraternal correction, scandal), and the great treatise on right, ownership, and restitution. The manuals in this library cite Billuart by name on their hardest questions; here he can be read in full, in English with the Latin at hand.
Contents
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Tomus II. On the Prima Secundae
On Human Acts
On the Voluntary and the Involuntary
- What is the voluntary, and of how many kinds?
- Whether an omission, and the effect that follows from it, are voluntary without a precept to place the act omitted?
- Whether violence causes the involuntary?
- Whether fear causes the involuntary?
- Whether concupiscence causes the involuntary?
- Whether ignorance causes the involuntary?
On Human Acts in Their Moral Being
- In what the morality of human acts in general consists?
- On the principles of morality
- On the concurrence of manifold morality together in the same act
- Whether there are indifferent acts?
- Whether, and how, the human will, to be good, must be conformed to the divine will?
- Whether the exterior act adds goodness or malice to the interior act?
- Whether the event that follows adds to the goodness or malice of the exterior act?
On Conscience
- What is conscience, and of how many kinds?
- Whether, and how, we are bound to conform to an erring conscience?
- Of what species and gravity is the sin of acting against conscience?
- How the confessor should deal with a penitent whom he finds laboring under an erroneous conscience?
- On the scrupulous conscience, through various little questions
- Whether it is lawful to act with a doubtful, probable, or more probable conscience?
On the Probability and Choice of Opinions
- Whether it is licit to follow the less probable and less safe opinion, in concurrence with one more probable and safer?
- Whether, in the conflict of two equally probable opinions on the objective honesty of an act, it is lawful to follow the less safe favoring liberty, leaving the safer favoring the law?
- Whether it is lawful to follow the more probable but less safe opinion, in concurrence with one less probable but safer, where only the objective honesty of the act is at stake?
- Various little questions on the present matter briefly resolved
On Moderate Probabilism
- On the nature of probability
- What systems have arisen concerning probability in practical matters?
- Whether it is lawful to follow an opinion truly and solidly probable favoring liberty, leaving a safer one equally probable, or even more probable, where only the liceity of the action is at stake?
- On the use of probability, and the special rules by which conscience is practically formed in doubts
- Whether it is lawful to follow a probable, or even more probable, opinion, leaving the safer, when there is a certain obligation of attaining a determinate end?
- On Compensative Probabilism
On Sins
On the Causes of Sins
- Whether, and what, ignorance is a cause of sin, and is itself a sin?
- Whether there can be invincible ignorance of positive divine law?
- Whether there can be invincible ignorance of the law of nature?
- Whether invincible ignorance of the law of nature excuses from sin?
- On inadvertence to sin
- Whether ignorance excuses from the penalties established by positive laws?
- Whether God is a cause of sin?
On Original Sin
- Whether there is an original sin transmitted from Adam to his posterity?
- Various questions on the transmission of original sin briefly resolved
- Whether the most blessed Virgin Mary contracted original sin in her Conception?
- Whether St. Thomas denied that the blessed Virgin Mother of God was immune from original sin?
- In what the essence of original sin consists?
On Mortal and Venial Sin
- Whether there is venial sin distinct from mortal by its own nature?
- In what, and how, mortal and venial sin differ from one another?
- Whether venial sin disposes to mortal, and can become mortal, and mortal contrariwise become venial?
- What is the last end of the one sinning mortally, and of the one sinning venially?
- Whether mortal sin, as an offense, is of simply infinite gravity?
- Whether man, in the first moral instant of the use of reason, is bound to turn himself to God; and whether venial sin can exist with original sin alone?
On Laws
On the Power of Human Law
- Whether human law can command or forbid internal acts?
- How the commanded work must be done, that the law be satisfied?
- Whether human laws oblige in conscience?
- On penal law
- When do human laws oblige under mortal sin?
- Certain other little questions on the obligation of human laws briefly resolved
- Who are subject to human laws?
On Grace
- Preambles on the Various Errors concerning Grace
On the Necessity of Grace
- What is understood by the name of grace?
- Whether man without grace can know anything true?
- Whether fallen man can do or will any good without grace?
- On the necessity of grace for the natural love of God above all things, affective as well as effective, and for avoiding sins
- Whether man can prepare himself for grace without grace?
- Whether actual grace is necessary to justified man for each act of piety?
- Whether man established in grace needs a special help of grace to persevere finally?
On the Essence and Division of Grace
- On the essence of grace
- The various divisions of grace
- On the grace gratuitously given, in particular
- Whether in this state of fallen nature there is sufficient grace?
- In what sense sufficient grace must be admitted?
- What is the help of sufficient grace, and of how many kinds?
- On Efficacious Grace
- The various ways of explaining the efficacy and causality of grace efficacious of itself are weighed
- On the cause of grace
On the Justification of the Sinner
- Whether in the justification of the ungodly sins are truly destroyed and taken away, and not only covered?
- Whether for the remission of sin, which is the justification of the ungodly, an infusion of grace is required?
- On the acts required for the justification of the adult sinner
- Article IV
- Certain little questions in completion of St. Thomas's question briefly resolved
Tomus III. On the Secunda Secundae (Faith to Justice)
On Faith
- Proem
On the Motives of Credibility of the Christian Religion, against Unbelievers, Commonly Called Deists
- What is prophecy? Is it possible?
- Whether prophecies have force to prove the truth of revelation?
- The predictions of the prophets concerning the Christian religion and its author
- The miracles of Christ and the Apostles, and likewise the promises of Christ fulfilled, in confirmation of the Christian religion
- The wonderful and plainly divine manner in which the Christian religion was founded and propagated
On Charity
On the Order and the Principal Act of Charity, which is Love
- Whether God is to be loved from charity more than the neighbor?
- Whether man ought from charity to love himself more than the neighbor?
- What order is to be kept in the love of our neighbors?
- Whether, and in what sense, it is lawful to love God and serve him for the sake of reward?
- On the precept of charity
On Right and Justice
On the Act of Commutative Justice, namely Restitution
- On the quality and necessity of restitution
- From how many titles the obligation of restitution arises, affirmative or negative?
- Whether the obligation of restitution is incurred by reason of damage inflicted without theological fault?
- Whether vehement theological fault induces an obligation of restitution, and what kind?
- Whether, and how far, juridical fault induces an obligation of restitution by reason of contract and quasi-contract, or of office?
- How restitution is to be made by a possessor in good faith
- Whether one who in good faith bought a stolen thing is bound, when he learns it is stolen, to give it back to the true owner?
- On the restitution to be made by a possessor in bad faith
- Whether those who hinder someone from obtaining some good are bound to restitution?
- On the restitution to be made by those who cooperate in unjust damage
- When is restitution to be made?
- How is restitution to be made?
- In what place, at whose expense, and at whose risk is restitution to be made?
- To which of several creditors must restitution be made first?
- In what manner is the thing to be restored?
- On the causes that suspend the obligation of restitution
- On the causes that take away the obligation of restitution