Commentary — Gaudentius Bontempi of Brescia, O.F.M. Cap. · from Schola Thomistica
Palladium Theologicum, Tome V: On the Virtues
First published 1676. With massive thanks to Schola Thomistica, whose transcription of the Latin and English translation made this work available to all. The fifth tome of Bontempi's Palladium theologicum, seu tota theologia scholastica in septem tomos distributa, ad intimam mentem D. Bonaventurae (Lyons: Laurent Arnaud, Pierre Borde, Jean and Pierre Arnaud, 1676), the Capuchin's course of scholastic theology after the mind of St. Bonaventure, in its tome on the virtues. The Latin is the Schola Thomistica transcription of the Google scan of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale copy; the English translation of the text is theirs also, made with their AI translator and given by them to the public domain. The full parallel Latin is kept beside the English throughout; the English headings, with the book's own numbers, are ours, and the arrangement of disputations, questions, subquestions and doubts follows the author's printed index. Three pages (102, 104 and 156) are missing from the only scan of this volume available to us, and a note stands at each place; ten pages the scan took twice are given once. Not included: the dedication, approbations and the two-page Apparatus to the Secunda Secundae at the front, and the author's indexes at the back (of the disputations, of places of Scripture, and of things and words). Download: PDF — Treatise I: On the Theological Virtues (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise II: On Contracts (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise III: On Religion (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise IV: On Vows (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise V: On the Virtue of Fortitude (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise VI: On Temperance (Latin and English) · PDF — Treatise VII: On the Various States and Offices of Men (Latin and English)
A seventeenth-century Franciscan course of scholastic theology in its tome on the virtues, disputed after St. Bonaventure in dialogue with St. Thomas, the Scotists and the great Jesuit authors: the theological virtues and their vices; prudence; justice, restitution, homicide, theft and the persons of a trial; contracts, from promise and sale to usury, exchange and testaments; religion, prayer and the Divine Office; vows and the religious state, oaths, feasts, superstition and simony; fortitude and temperance with the sins against them; and the states of perfection, of bishops, of regular prelates, and of the active and contemplative life.
Contents
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Treatise I: On the Theological Virtues
- Prologue
Disputation I: On Faith
- Question I: What faith signifies, and what it is
- Question II: What the object of faith is
- Question III: Whether the object of faith is something complex
- Question IV: Whether the object of faith can be false
- Question V: Whether the object of faith can be evident scientifically
- Question VI: Whether faith is concerned with those things which are seen by vision in this life
- Question VII: Whether the articles of faith are evidently credible
- Question VIII: Whether the things to be believed are rightly arranged in articles
- Question IX: Whether the articles of faith have grown over the course of time
- Question X: Whether faith has grown as regards its light
- Question XI: Whether faith has grown in certitude
- Question XII: Whether the articles of faith are to be expounded by some authority which is an infallible teacher, and what it is
- Question XIII: What are the marks of the true Church, in which the authority of expounding faith resides
- Question XIV: What must be believed by the necessity of means
- Question XV: What things are to be believed by the necessity of precept
- Question XVI: Whether we are bound to confess faith, and when
- Question XVII: Whether it is lawful to dispute about faith, and when
- Question XVIII: Whether faith resides in the intellect
- Question XIX: Whether faith is perfected by charity, as by its form
- Question XX: Whether it is certain that faith remains without charity
- Question XXI: Whether, and how, faith is a virtue
- Question XXII: Whether faith is one virtue
- Question XXIII: Whether faith is the first of the virtues
- Question XXIV: Whether faith is more certain than any science, or than any intellectual habit
- Question XXV: Whether one can know with certainty that he has faith
- Question XXVI: In whom faith is found
- Question XXVII: Whether faith is a substantial gift of God
- Question XXVIII: Whether the difference between faith and other acts, natural as opposed to supernatural moral acts, always arises from the object
- Question XXIX: On the effects of faith
Question XXX: On the gift of understanding
- Doubt I: Whether understanding is a gift of the Holy Ghost
- Doubt II: Whether the gift of understanding can coexist with faith
- Doubt III: Whether the gift of understanding consists in the contemplation of the Creator and of the creature
- Doubt IV: Whether the gift of understanding is found in all who have grace, and whether in these alone
- Doubt V: What is the necessity and utility of the gift of understanding
- Doubt VI: Whether the sixth beatitude, Blessed are the clean of heart, corresponds to the gift of understanding
- Doubt VII: Whether faith, among the fruits of the Holy Ghost, corresponds to the gift of understanding
Disputation II: On Unbelief
- Question I: What unbelief is, and what kind of sin it is
- Question II: Whether all the works of unbelievers are sins
- Question III: Whether unbelievers can be compelled to hear the faith
- Question IV: Whether unbelievers can be compelled to embrace our faith, when it has been sufficiently set forth
- Question V: Whether unbaptized unbelievers can be compelled to abandon errors or rites contrary to natural reason
- Question VI: Whether the rites of unbelievers are to be permitted
- Question VII: Whether it is lawful to make agreements with unbelievers about the toleration of their rites
- Question VIII: Whether unbaptized unbelievers can retain power over the faithful, and whether they can be deprived of it
Disputation III: On Heresy
- Question I: What heresy is
- Question II: Whether one who doubts about the articles of faith is a heretic
- Question III: Whether one who gives merely opinionative assent to an article of faith is a heretic
- Question IV: Whether ignorance excuses from heresy, and what ignorance
- Question V: What pertinacity is required for heresy
- Question VI: Whether, for one to be deemed a heretic, it is necessary that he have been baptized and one of the faithful
- Question VII: Whether the Church can compel heretics to receive the Catholic faith
- Question VIII: On the other means the Church uses against heretics, by forbidding their books
- Question IX: Whether we are bound to avoid the conversation of heretics
- Question X: What excommunication is inflicted upon heretics
- Question XI: On the other spiritual punishments of heretics
- Question XII: On the temporal punishments of heretics
Disputation IV: On Hope
- Question I: What hope is
- Question II: What the material object of hope is
- Question III: What the formal object of hope is
- Question IV: Whether a certain object is set forth for hope, and is hoped for
- Question V: Whether hope is a virtue
- Question VI: Whether hope is a theological virtue
- Question VII: Whether hope is at times formless
- Question VIII: Whether hope arises from merits
- Question IX: Whether hope precedes charity
- Question X: What the proximate subject of hope is
- Question XI: Whether hope remains in the blessed
Disputation V: On the Gift of Fear
- Question I: Whether fear is a habit distinct from hope
- Question II: What the object of fear is
- Question III: Whether worldly fear is always evil
- Question IV: Whether servile fear is honorable, and a gift of God
- Question V: Whether servile fear is cast out when grace comes
- Question VI: Whether initial and filial fear differ specifically
- Question VII: Whether, as charity grows, fear diminishes
- Question VIII: Whether gratuitous fear remains in heaven
- Question IX: Whether poverty of spirit corresponds to the gift of fear
- Question X: On the effects, and the precept, of the fear of God
Disputation VIII: On Charity
- Question I: What charity is
- Question II: What the object of charity is
- Question III: Whether charity is properly the friendship of God
- Question IV: Whether charity is a created habit
- Question V: Whether charity is one special virtue
- Question VI: Whether charity is of a most special species
- Question VII: Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues
- Question VIII: Whether charity is the form of the virtues
- Question IX: Whether besides infused charity there is another charity, acquired by our own acts
- Question X: Whether charity can be formless
- Question XI: Whether charity increases, and how
- Question XII: Whether charity can be increased without limit
- Question XIII: Whether, and how, charity in this life is perfect
- Question XIV: Whether charity can be diminished
- Question XV: Whether charity can be lost, and how
- Question XVI: What is the proximate subject of charity
- Question XVII: Whether God alone is to be loved out of charity, or the neighbor also
- Question XVIII: Whether charity is to be loved out of charity
- Question XIX: Whether all gratuitous gifts are to be loved out of charity
- Question XX: Whether irrational creatures are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXI: Whether a man ought to love himself out of charity
- Question XXII: Whether a man ought to love his own body out of charity
- Question XXIII: Whether sinners are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXIV: Whether it is necessary to love enemies out of charity
- Question XXV: Whether we are bound to show the effects of charity toward enemies, and which
- Question XXVI: Whether angels are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXVII: Whether demons, and the damned, are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXVIII: Whether it is fitting that four things to be loved out of charity are enumerated
- Question XXIX: Whether God, and the neighbor, are loved with the same habit of charity
- Question XXX: Whether there is order in charity
- Question XXXI: Whether God is to be loved more than the neighbor
- Question XXXII: Whether a man ought out of charity to love God more than himself
- Question XXXIII: Whether nature inclines more to loving God than to loving ourselves
- Question XXXIV: Whether a man ought to love himself more than his neighbor
- Question XXXV: Whether the eternal salvation of the neighbor is to be loved more than our own life
- Question XXXVI: Whether one neighbor is to be loved more than another
- Question XXXVII: Whether a son is to be loved more than a father
- Question XXXVIII: Whether a man ought out of charity to love his mother more than his father
- Question XXXIX: Whether a man ought to love his spouse more than his parents, and children
- Question XL: Whether the order of charity is considered in the affection, and in the effect
- Question XLI: Whether the order of charity remains in heaven
- Question XLII: Whether it is more proper to charity to love than to be loved
- Question XLIII: Whether love is the same as benevolence
- Question XLIV: Whether God ought, and can, be loved in this life with the whole heart, the whole soul, the whole mind, and all one's strength
- Question XLV: Whether some measure is to be kept in divine love
- Question XLVI: Whether charity ought to be enlarged in heaven
- Question XLVII: Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than a friend
- Question XLVIII: Whether a man established in however small a charity is bound to undergo death for Christ
- Question XLIX: Whether those having perfect charity are bound to fulfill the things that are of perfection
- Question L: How, and when, the precept of the love of God binds
- Question LI: Whether a man is bound at the first instant of the use of reason to turn to God
- Question LII: How, and when, the precept of the love of the neighbor binds
Disputation X: On the External Effects of Charity
Section II: On Almsgiving
- Question I: Whether to give alms is an act of charity
- Question II: Whether the kinds of almsgiving are fittingly distinguished
- Question III: Whether almsgiving is a matter of precept
- Question IV: Whether there is a precept to give superfluities to the poor in common necessities
- Question V: Whether anyone is bound at some time to give alms from things necessary to his state, apart from the extreme necessity of the neighbor
- Question VI: Whether alms is owed in justice to one in extreme need
- Question VII: Whether alms ought to be given from justly possessed goods
Disputation XIX: On the Gift of Wisdom
- Question I: What kind of gift wisdom is
- Question II: What is the usefulness, and necessity, of this gift
- Question III: How the gift of wisdom is obtained from God
- Question IV: On the illumination that wisdom brings
- Question V: On the spiritual delights of wisdom
- Question VI: How folly is opposed to wisdom
- Question VII: Whether the seventh beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom
Disputation XX: On Prudence
- Question I: What prudence is
- Question II: Whether prudence is a virtue
- Question III: What the offices of prudence are
- Question IV: Who share in prudence
- Question V: How prudence is acquired, and lost
- Question VI: On the parts of the virtue of prudence
Question VII: How certain rules of prudence, applicable to the monastic and the political state, are drawn from the angelic hierarchy
- Section I: On the Prudence That Men Bound by Solemn Vows Claim from the First Choir of Angels
- Section II: On the Government of the Prelates of the Church, Likened to the First Choir of the Second Hierarchy, the Dominations
- Section III: On the Prudence of Judges, Compared with the Virtues, from the Second Order of the Second Hierarchy
- Section IV: On the Government of Princes, Likened to the Powers
- Section V: On the Prudence of Individuals, from the Lowest Hierarchy
- Question VIII: Whether there is one prudence for all the moral virtues
Disputation XXII: On the Vices Contrary to Prudence
- Question I: On precipitation
- Question II: On inconsideration
- Question III: On inconstancy
- Question IV: On negligence
- Question V: On the prudence of the flesh
- Question VI: On cunning
- Question VII: On guile
- Question VIII: On fraud
- Question IX: On solicitude for temporal things
- Question X: On solicitude for the future
- Question XI: On the precepts of prudence
Disputation XXIII: On Justice
- Question I: Whether right is the object of justice
- Question II: What justice is
- Question III: Whether justice is a special virtue
- Question IV: In what subject justice consists
- Question V: Whether justice is the most excellent of the moral virtues
- Question VI: What kind of sin injustice is, and how it is committed
- Question VII: Whether judgment is an act of justice
- Question VIII: In what respect the public judgment of a judge is just
- Question IX: In what respect private judgment of the neighbor is unlawful
- Question X: Whether distributive justice differs in species from commutative
Disputation XXIV: On Restitution
- Question I: What restitution is
- Question II: Whether restitution is necessary for salvation
- Question IV: To whom restitution is to be made
Question V: What ought to be restored
Subquestion II: What things are to be restored by reason of the manner in which they were acquired
- Doubt I: When a thing acquired by contract is to be restored
- Doubt II: When things acquired by donation ought to be restored
- Doubt III: When things acquired by prescription are to be restored
- Doubt IV: When a thing acquired as wages for discharging an office is to be restored
- Doubt V: Whether the wages of harlotry are to be restored
- Doubt VI: When things acquired by fowling, fishing, and hunting are to be restored
- Doubt VII: When things acquired by the use of common things are to be restored
- Doubt VIII: Whether things acquired in illicit games are to be restored
- Doubt IX: What is to be restored by reason of finding
- Question VI: How much is to be restored
Question VII: When restitution is to be made, and the causes excusing from it
Subquestion IV: On two further causes excusing from restitution on the part of the debtor
- Doubt I: Whether entrance into religion excuses from restitution
- Doubt II: Whether cession of goods excuses from restitution
- Doubt III: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the creditor
- Doubt IV: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the thing itself
- Doubt V: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the public authority
- Question VIII: Where restitution is to be made
- Question IX: How restitution is to be made
- Question X: In what order restitution is to be made
Disputation XXVI: On Homicide
- Question I: What homicide is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: On homicide of deliberate purpose, by ambush, and by treachery
- Question III: Whether one who commands a homicide is to be burdened with the same guilt and punishment as the one who carries it out
- Question IV: Whether an attempted homicide, and other attempted crimes, are to be punished with the same penalty as the crime committed
Question VI: Whether it is lawful to kill a man within the limits of blameless defense, in defense of oneself or one's goods
- Doubt I: Whether it is lawful to kill someone to preserve one's honor, rather than flee
- Doubt II: Whether one who is attacked is bound in some case to kill the aggressor
- Doubt III: Whether it is lawful, in defense of one's own goods, to kill a thief
- Doubt IV: Whether, in defense of chastity, it is lawful to kill the assailant
- Question VII: Whether, and how, the duel is unlawful
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful for a husband to kill a wife caught in adultery, and a father his daughter, and a brother his sister, together with the seducer
- Question X: Whether a pregnant mother may, to save her own life, procure the abortion of the fetus
- Question XI: On accidental homicide
- Question XII: Whether a judge can condemn to death an innocent man who has been proved guilty at the trial
- Question XIII: Whether princes can grant license to kill outlaws
- Question XIV: On the restitution owed on account of homicide, or mutilation
- Question XV: Whether the mutilation of a limb is ever lawful
- Question XVI: Whether it is lawful to imprison or beat another
Disputation XXVII: On Theft and Robbery
- Question I: What dominion is
- Question II: Whether it is lawful to have private dominion over things
- Question III: What theft is
- Question V: Whether theft is mortal when, after many tiny thefts, a further small one makes the whole grave
- Question VI: Whether in extreme, or urgent, necessity it is lawful to take what belongs to another
- Question VII: On the thefts of religious
- Question VIII: Whether men can be reduced to slavery, and sold
- Question IX: Whether slaves can wrest themselves from their masters
- Question X: Whether it is lawful, by private authority, to recover what is ours
- Question XI: On the punishment of thieves
- Question XII: On the restitution of thefts
Disputation XXVIII: On the Judge
- Question I: Whether power is necessary in a judge
- Question II: Whether a judge ought to follow the truth, and therefore be wise
- Question III: Whether the acts of a judge who has not a true but only a putative title are valid, so that not even he sins
- Question IV: Whether the Pope can subject himself to someone's judgment
- Question V: Whether goodness is necessary in a judge
- Question VI: On the external purity of the hands of the judge
- Question VII: Whether excommunicated judges sin in judging, and judge invalidly
Disputation XXIX: On the Accused
- Question I: On the bringing of the accused to the tribunal
- Question II: Whether the accused is bound to confess a crime half-proven
- Question III: Whether an accused, defamed for one crime, can be questioned about others also
- Question IV: Whether one convicted of a crime can be questioned about hidden accomplices of whom there is no ill repute
- Question V: Whether an accused who unjustly denies a true crime, for which he was to be condemned to a fine, is bound to pay it, and is liable to restitution
- Question VI: Whether an accused who has unjustly denied the truth when he was to be condemned is bound to retract before the end of the trial
- Question VII: Whether, if the accused is interrogated again, he can give only a relative answer, saying: as I answered
- Question VIII: How the accused ought to conduct himself in his examination, when pressed by the judge's unjust questions
- Question IX: Whether it is lawful for the accused to appeal to another judge
- Question X: Whether, and how, the accused can defend himself
- Question XI: Whether the accused can flee, and how, and when
Disputation XXXI: On the Advocate
- Question I: Who can and ought to exercise this office
- Question II: On the sins of a wicked advocate
- Question III: Whether an advocate is liable for light fault
- Question IV: Whether an advocate engaged by the year is worthy of his fee in a year in which he did nothing
- Question V: Whether an advocate is bound to defend a client gratis in grave necessity
- Question VI: Whether an advocate can receive gifts
Disputation XXXIV: On Detraction
- Question I: What detraction is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether detraction is a mortal sin
- Question III: Whether it is mortal to reveal a hidden crime to one, or two prudent men, who will keep silent about it
- Question IV: Whether material detraction, which comes from talkativeness, is mortal
- Question V: Whether it is mortal to keep silent about another's good name when it is blackened
- Question VI: On the various cases in which detraction seems to be excused
- Question VII: Whether it is ever lawful to defame another falsely, or to reveal his hidden crime
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful to narrate a crime, notorious in one place, in another, where it is not known
- Question IX: Whether it is lawful to reveal someone's hidden crime to escape torture
- Question X: Whether anyone can defame himself
Treatise II: On Contracts
- Prologue
Disputation I: On Contracts in General
- Question I: What a contract is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether for the validity of a contract the intention of contracting, and of binding oneself, is required
- Question III: How error, or fraud, vitiates a contract
- Question IV: How fear voids a contract
- Question V: On conditional contracts
- Question VI: On the obligation that results from a valid contract
- Question VII: Which persons can enter into a contract, and which cannot
- Question VIII: Whether, and when, it is lawful to withdraw from a contract, the other party objecting
Disputation III: On Promise
- Question I: What a promise is, and how it differs from a donation
- Question II: Whether a simple promise, once accepted, binds in justice
- Question III: Whether a merely internal promise, made to a man, binds
- Question IV: Whether an external promise binds before it is accepted
- Question V: Whether a promise binds when made for a base cause
Disputation V: On Buying and Selling
- Question I: What buying and selling are
- Question II: Which persons can buy, and sell
- Question III: Which things can be sold
- Question IV: Of how many kinds is the price of things
- Question V: Whether, for certain causes, it is lawful to reduce below the minimum price, or raise above the maximum
- Question VI: Whether on account of ceasing profit, or emerging loss, the price can be raised above the maximum
- Question VII: Whether it is lawful to sell above the highest price when payment is deferred, rather than for ready money
- Question VIII: Whether the contracts called stocolia and barocolia in Italian, and mohatra in Spanish, are lawful
- Question IX: To what extent buying and selling in monopolies is unlawful
- Question X: Whether the seller is bound to disclose a grave defect of the thing
- Question XI: Whether a thing sold, not yet delivered, perishes to the buyer
- Question XII: On the rescission of a sale and purchase on account of fraud, etc.
- Question XIII: Whether a sale with a pact of repurchase is lawful
Disputation VI: On the Loan and Usury
- Question I: What a loan and usury are, and why usury is a sin
- Question II: Whether it is usury to lend so that, when I have need, you lend back to me, or buy from me at a just price
- Question III: Whether it is lawful to lend on the pact that the borrower confer an office or an ecclesiastical benefice
- Question IV: Whether it is usury to receive beyond the principal any other emolument whatever besides money
- Question V: Whether the lender can receive anything on account of risk and ceasing profit, and what
- Question VI: Whether it is lawful to lend wheat, or something else, with the pact that it be restored in the same measure, even if the price has risen at the time of restitution
- Question VII: Whether, and how, gain acquired from usury is to be restored
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful to seek a loan from a usurer
Disputation VIII: On Exchange
- Question I: What exchange is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether in petty exchange it is lawful to take something above the value of the coin fixed by law
- Question III: Whether in local exchange, that is, by letters, when the banker receives first in order to repay elsewhere, he may make some gain
- Question IV: Whether exchange is lawful when the banker's agent answers for the banker with the banker's own money
- Question V: Whether so-called re-exchanges are lawful only on account of ceasing profit or emerging loss
- Question VI: Whether the payments and commissions that bankers receive are lawful
Disputation IX: On the Contract of Partnership
- Question I: In what the contract of partnership consists, and what is required that it be just
- Question II: Whether, and how, other contracts can be united with the contract of partnership
- Question III: Whether a contract by which, the capital being secured, a certain fixed gain is received each year is lawful
Disputation XI: On Testaments
- Question I: What a testament is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: What solemnity is required for a testament, closed and open
- Question III: Who can and ought to make a testament, or be instituted heirs
- Question IV: Whether an heir instituted in a testament invalid at civil law through defect of solemnity can take the inheritance in the forum of conscience, despoiling the heir who succeeds on intestacy
- Question V: In what ways a testament is revocable
- Question VI: What obligation heirs instituted by testament undertake
Disputation XII: On Legacies
- Question I: What a legacy is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether legacies ought to be paid to all those for whom they are made, and how
- Question III: Which things can be bequeathed
- Question IV: What a pious, or privileged, legacy is
- Question V: In what ways legacies lapse, so that the heir is not bound to pay them
Treatise III: On Religion
- Prologue
Disputation I: On Religion in General
- Question I: What the virtue of religion is
- Question II: Whether religion is a virtue
- Question III: Whether latria, or religion, is a special virtue
- Question IV: Whether religion is a cardinal virtue
- Question V: How widely the acts of religion extend
- Question VI: Whether religion is necessary
- Question VII: Whether true religion ought to be one
Disputation III: On Prayer
- Question I: What prayer is
- Question II: Of how many kinds is prayer
- Question III: Whether prayer is necessary
- Question IV: Whether prayer is not only impetratory but also satisfactory and meritorious
- Question V: What conditions are required for perfect prayer
- Question VI: What is to be asked in prayer, where the petitions of the Lord's Prayer are expounded
- Question VII: Who ought to pray
- Question VIII: Who is to be prayed to
- Question IX: For whom one ought to pray
- Question X: How one ought to pray
Question XI: On praying the Canonical Hours
- Doubt I: Whether attention is necessary in reciting the Office of precept
- Doubt II: Whether one who recites another Office in place of the current one satisfies
- Doubt III: Whether interrupting the parts of the same Hour is a grave sin
- Doubt IV: Whether one who omits all the Hours of one day commits several sins
- Doubt V: Whether one who recites the divine Office in choir in a voice so low that he is not heard satisfies
- Doubt VI: Whether canons who talk in choir can receive the distributions
- Doubt VII: Whether one who recites the Office privately ought to hear himself
- Doubt VIII: Whether one who says the Office with a notable clipping or truncating of syllables satisfies
- Doubt IX: Whether one who says a great part of the Office with no intention of satisfying satisfies
- Doubt X: What is grave matter in omitting a Canonical Hour
Treatise IV: On Vows
- Prologue
Disputation I: On the Vow
- Question I: What a vow is, and what its conditions are
- Question II: What deliberation is required for a vow
- Question III: Whether one who promises something to God, knowing the obligation yet intending not to bind himself, is bound by the vow
- Question IV: Whether a votive promise is made to God alone
- Question V: How error or ignorance concerning a vow causes involuntariness
- Question VI: Whether fear inflicted on another makes a vow invalid
- Question VII: Whether a necessary thing can be the matter of a vow
- Question VIII: Whether a vow is only about some good
- Question IX: Whether a vow is only of the better good, or also of a lesser good
- Question X: Whether a vow of a thing that can have a good or an evil outcome is valid
- Question XI: Whether any obligation arises from a vow, and what it is
- Question XII: Whether those under the age of puberty are bound by vows
- Question XIII: What the power of annulling vows is, and what kind
- Question XIV: On the power of religious prelates to annul vows
- Question XV: Whether a husband can annul all the vows of his wife, beyond the vow of chastity
- Question XVI: Whether a husband can annul a vow of chastity made by his wife without his permission while the marriage stands, and to be fulfilled then
- Question XVII: Whether a husband can annul the vows of his wife, made without his permission, to be fulfilled when the marriage has been dissolved
- Question XVIII: Whether a husband can annul the vows of his wife made before the marriage
- Question XIX: Whether the vows of a wife, made without her husband's permission, revive when the marriage is dissolved
- Question XX: Whether a husband can annul the vows of his wife made with his permission, the vow of chastity excepted
- Question XXI: Whether a husband can revoke the vow of chastity of his wife, made with his permission
- Question XXII: Whether a husband can annul the vows of his wife made while she was under the authority of her father or of a first husband
- Question XXIII: Whether a wife can annul certain vows of her husband, and which
- Question XXIV: Whether parents or guardians can annul all the vows of their children under the age of puberty
- Question XXV: Whether a father and a curator can annul the personal vows of children who have reached puberty
- Question XXVI: Which real or mixed vows of children who have reached puberty can be annulled by the father
- Question XXVII: To whom belongs the faculty of annulling the vows of those who have, and those who have not, reached puberty
- Question XXVIII: Which vows of servants their masters can annul
- Question XXIX: Whether in the Church there is power to dispense from vows
- Question XXX: Whether a cause is required for a dispensation, and which
- Question XXXI: Whether, and how, the commutation of vows is to be made
- Question XXXII: Whether commutation requires a cause
- Question XXXIII: Which vows can be commuted by the ordinary power of prelates
Disputation II: On the Religious State, or on Solemn Vows
Section I: On the Vows of Religious in Common
- Question I: In what solemn vows differ from simple vows
- Question II: Whether solemn vows are necessary to the religious state
- Question III: Whether, and how, this state is holy
- Question IV: Whether the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience are essential to the religious state
- Question V: Whether the Pontiff can dispense in solemn vows
- Question VI: Who are to be received into religion
- Question VII: On novices
- Question VIII: What is required for profession in religion
- Question IX: Whether, and how, religious are bound to perfection
- Question X: Whence the greater perfection of a religious order is to be judged
- Question XI: On passing to another religious order
- Question XII: On the expulsion of religious
- Question XIII: Whether every religious is bound to all the counsels
- Question XIV: Whether religious ought to teach, preach, etc.
- Question XV: Whether religious ought to labor with their hands
- Question XVI: Whether it is lawful for religious to transact secular business
Disputation III: On the Vow of Obedience
- Question I: Whether the vow of obedience is chief among the religious vows
- Question II: What obedience is promised in religion
- Question III: Whether religious are bound to obey prelates in all things
- Question IV: Whether one doubting whether the thing commanded is lawful is bound to obey the prelate
- Question V: Whether all the statutes of religious orders bind under sin
Disputation IV: On the Vow of Poverty
- Question I: On the essence of this vow
- Question II: Which poverty is more excellent
- Question III: Whether mendicancy befits religious poverty
- Question IV: Whether religious ought, on account of poverty, to wear mean clothing
- Question V: Whether austerity of food is owed to religious poverty
Question VI: How poverty is violated
- Doubt I: Whether prelates can grant religious an annual allowance
- Doubt II: Whether a religious who has superfluities by his superior's permission is a proprietor
- Doubt III: Whether a religious sins by accepting alms for others
- Doubt IV: Whether a legacy to a religious stands, as belonging to him personally
- Question VII: On the penalties and the marks of a proprietor
Disputation V: On the Vow of Chastity
- Question I: What difference there is between cloistered and clerical chastity
- Question II: From what time the solemn vow of chastity began to make a subsequent marriage invalid
- Question III: Whether one who solemnly vows chastity dissolves a marriage, whether consummated or ratified, and by what law and from what time this began to be done
- Question IV: By what law, and from what time, religious chastity began to be sealed by enclosure
- Question VI: Whether dispensation can be granted in religious chastity, and who can dispense in enclosure
Disputation VI: On the Oath
- Question I: What an oath is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether it is lawful to swear by God
- Question III: Whether it is lawful to swear by creatures
- Question IV: What is required for an oath
- Question V: Whether, and how, it is a sin to swear without truth
- Question VI: Whether an oath made without justice is a sin, and what sin
- Question VII: Whether an oath lacking judgment is a sin, and what sin
- Question VIII: Whether, and how, a custom of swearing is evil
- Question IX: When one who swears incautiously from habit sins mortally
- Question X: What sin it is to swear deceitfully
- Question XI: Whether it is lawful to exact an oath from one who will perjure himself
- Question XII: Whether, and when, it is lawful to exact an oath from an idolater
- Question XIII: On the obligation of a promissory oath in itself
- Question XIV: Whether deceitful oaths bind
- Question XV: Whether an oath extorted by injury, such as an oath to pay usury, binds
- Question XVI: Whether an oath extorted by fear binds
- Question XVII: Whether an oath given through fraud, error, or ignorance is void
- Question XVIII: Whether an incautious promissory oath binds
- Question XIX: Whether an oath confirms contracts that could otherwise be voided
- Question XX: On the ways of removing the obligation of an oath
- Question XXI: On the penalties imposed on perjurers
Disputation VIII: On the Observance of Feast Days
- Question I: On the origin of feast days
- Question II: Whose it is to institute feasts to be kept under mortal sin
- Question III: Whether mortal sins on a feast are forbidden by this precept
- Question IV: Whether lawful liberal work becomes servile because it is done for gain
- Question VI: What length of servile labor makes a grave violation of a feast
- Question VII: On the causes excusing from violation of a feast
- Question VIII: Whether, having heard Mass only, it is forbidden to spend the whole feast day in idleness
Disputation IX: On Superstition
- Question I: What superstition is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: On divination by the stars
- Question III: On divination by the elements, and other mixed things
- Question IV: On divination from dreams
- Question V: On sorcery by lots
- Question VI: On superstitious observances for works
- Question VII: On the spells of witches
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful to consult witches so that they may at least remove spells
- Question IX: On the penalties of witches, etc.
Disputation XIII: On the Other Virtues Annexed to Justice
Section I: On Piety
- Question I: What piety is, and what kind of virtue
- Question II: What reverence is to be shown to parents
- Question III: What obedience is to be shown to parents by children
- Question IV: How, and when, children are bound to relieve their parents
- Question V: On the obligation of parents toward their children
- Question VI: In which cases parents can disinherit their children
- Question VII: Whether children can ever refuse sustenance to their parents, and disinherit them
- Question VIII: To what a woman is bound who has a son by adultery, or has passed off a child as her husband's
- Question IX: On the mutual obligation of servants and masters
- Question X: On the obligation of brothers toward brothers and sisters, and conversely
Section V: On Truth, Friendship, Liberality, Epikeia, and the Opposed Vices; on the Gift of Piety and the Precepts of the Decalogue That Concern Justice
- Question I: On truth
Question II: On lying
- Doubt I: What a lie is
- Doubt II: Of how many kinds is a lie
- Doubt III: Whether every lie is intrinsically a sin
- Doubt IV: Whether a lie is mortal of its kind
- Doubt V: Whether every lie is mortal for perfect men
- Doubt VI: Whether among the degrees of lying there is a gravest and a lightest
- Doubt VII: On the other things that are reduced to lying
- Question III: On friendship
- Question V: On epikeia
- Question VI: On the gift of piety
Treatise V: On the Virtue of Fortitude
- Prologue
Disputation II: On the Virtues Joined to Fortitude
- Question I: On magnanimity
- Question II: On the vices opposed to magnanimity
- Question III: On magnificence
- Question IV: On the vices opposed to magnificence
- Question V: On patience
- Question VI: On the vices opposed to patience
- Question VII: On perseverance
- Question VIII: On the vices opposed to perseverance
Treatise VI: On Temperance
- Prologue
Disputation I: On the Virtue of Temperance
- Question I: What virtue temperance is, and of what kind
- Question II: Which vices are contrary to temperance
- Question III: On the parts of temperance
- Question IV: On shamefacedness
- Question V: On honesty
Question VI: On abstinence
Sole Subquestion: On Fasting
- Doubt I: What fasting is, and of how many kinds
- Doubt II: In what way natural fasting is broken
- Doubt III: Whether fasting itself is a good work, and of precept
- Doubt IV: From what things one must abstain in the fast of the Church
- Doubt V: On the evening collation
- Doubt VI: On the hour of the meal on a fast day
- Question VII: On sobriety
- Question VIII: On chastity
- Question X: On continence
- Question XI: On meekness
- Question XII: On clemency
- Question XIII: On modesty
- Question XIV: On humility
Disputation II: On the Vices Opposed to the Virtue of Temperance
Treatise VII: On the Various States and Offices of Men
- Prologue
Disputation II: On the State of the Bishop
- Question I: Whether a bishop is in the state of perfection
- Question II: What kind of man he must be who is raised to the episcopate
- Question III: Whether it is lawful to seek or to refuse the episcopate
- Question IV: Whether residence is necessary for bishops, and by what law
- Question V: Whether the Church, and bishops, have dominion over certain temporal things
- Question VI: Whether bishops, and other ecclesiastics, have dominion over revenues that are superfluous to their state
- Question VII: Whether those bishops who were formerly religious are bound to regular observance
Disputation III: On the State of Regular Prelacy
- Question I: Whether the state of regular prelacy is necessary in a religious order
- Question II: How the prelate of a religious order is to be chosen
- Question III: How many prelates there are in one religious order, and what order among them
- Question IV: Whether it befits a regular prelate to remain long in the same office
- Question V: Whether a religious prelate has the power of coercing subjects with penalties, both spiritual and corporal
- Question VI: What solemnities a regular prelate, acting in judgment, is bound to observe
- Question VII: Whether appeal can be made from a regular prelate or judge
- Question VIII: Who is the judge from whom, and to whom, appeal is made
- Question IX: Whether a regular prelate can dispense his subject, which subject, and in what
- Question X: What power a regular prelate has to absolve, both from sins and from penalties
- Question XI: Whether a regular prelate has the power to administer temporal things, and what power
- Question XII: Whether regular prelates can do anything concerning the conferring of orders and the blessing of things or places, and what
Last Disputation: On the State of the Active and the Contemplative Life
- Question I: Whether the division of life into active and contemplative is sufficient
- Question II: Which state is more excellent: the state of the active life, or of the contemplative
- Question III: Whether there is a mixed life resulting from the active and the contemplative, and which of them is more excellent
- Question V: On the chief act of the contemplative life, and how this act differs from cogitation, meditation, speculation, and intuitive vision
- Question VI: Whether contemplation has certain degrees of its perfection, how many, and which