A Topic of Moral Theology
Mental reservation
Strict and broad reservation; when a broad reservation may be used to guard a secret.
The works themselves ask 11 questions under this heading — see them together with their answers.
Also asked about as…
equivocation · evasive answer · mental restriction · misleading without lying (ed.)
In the index as Lying · Mental restriction · Amphibology (Amphibologia) · Equivocation · Secret · Viva, Domenico · Cattaneo, Ambrogio · La Croix, Claude · Lie · Fuente Hurtado, Diego de la · Sánchez, Tomás · Francolino, Baldassarre · Mental reservation · Oath · Tamburini, Tommaso · Casnedi, Carlo Antonio · Cause (Causa) · Daniel, Gabriel · Deception · Orsi, Giuseppe Agostino · Raymond of Peñafort, St. · Abraham · Accuser · Ambiguity
In the manuals
Read the manuals side by side → — each work's whole treatment in its own column
Summa of Moral Theology (Summa Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. II, Part Second. On the Precep…, Book Seventh. On the Eight…, Question Second. On Lesion…, Article Second. On Amphibology and Mental Restriction, nn. 639, 640 & 641 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
A Manual of Moral Theology for English-Speaking Countries
Vol. I, Bk. VI, Pt. VIII, Chapter IV. Lying, n. 3 — If it is never lawful to tell a lie, if the lie of necessity cannot be allowed, what means have we of safeguarding a secret ? Catholic theologians answer this question by propounding their doctrine of mental reservation.… Read in context →
Moral Theology: A Complete Course (McHugh & Callan)
Vol. II, Pt. II, Q. II, Art. 6. The Remaining Pote…, Mental Reservation, nn. 2398, 2399, 2400, 2401 & 2402 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Institutions of Moral Theology (Institutiones Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. II, On the Eighth Precept of t…, IV. On Lying, n. 1529 — Whether broadly mental restriction is licit? It is sometimes licit from a just cause to use restriction broadly, i.e., improperly mental, when the sense intended by the speaker can be understood. The reason is that by th… Read in context →
Cases of Conscience, Proposed by Cardinal de Lugo, by Fr. Beniamino Elbel, by Fr. Ioannes Petrus Gury and by Other Authors, and Resolved (Casus conscientiae)
88. Mental Restriction, Secret, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 (16 passages — hover a number to read it)
Compendium of Moral Theology of Fr. John Peter Gury, S.J., with the Notes of Antonio Ballerini, S.J.
Vol. I, Treatise On the Precepts o…, On the Eighth Precept of t…, Ch. I, Article II. On Mental Restriction, nn. 441, 442, 443 & 444 (11 passages — hover a number to read it)
Manuale Theologiae Moralis
Vol. II, Tr. XI, Sect. I, Q. III, Ch. III, Art. IV, II. On Injuries By Words O…, § 3. On Mental Restriction And Amphibology, nn. 171, 172, 173 & 174 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Theologia Moralis Sancti Alphonsi: Reduced into a Compendium
Vol. I, TREATISE ON THE PRECEPTS O…, Ch. I, ARTICLE II: ON MENTAL RESTRICTION, nn. ¶512, ¶513, ¶514 & ¶515 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Institutiones Morales Alphonsianae
Vol. I, Pt. II, Sect. II, Tractate VIII: On the Eigh…, Ch. I, Article II: On Mental Restriction, nn. ¶1179, ¶1180, ¶1181, ¶1182 & ¶1183 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Summa Theologiae Moralis
Vol. II, Special Moral Theology: On…, Treatise: On the Cardinal …, Fifth Part: On the Virtues…, Section E: On Truth, Question Four: On Various Cases, nn. ¶1, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873 & 874 (22 passages — hover a number to read it)
Compendium of Moral Theology
Vol. I, Tr. VI, On the Eighth Precept of t…, Chapter I. On Lying and Mental Restriction, nn. 310, 311, 312 & 313 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Christian Theology, Dogmatic and Moral, Volume III: On the Decalogue
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibological Oath: On Mental Restrictions, and on Lying, n. ¶1 — Preliminary Remarks. I undertake to handle the most difficult question that exists in all of theology, one which I feel unequal to my own strength to treat. For, having often trodden similar paths, and, indeed, the more turbulent the water a… Read in context →
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter VI — A historical narration of the doctrine which several more recent writers devised for concealing truth. Purely mental restrictions, not-purely-mental restrictions, equivocations, amphibologies, and material locutions are reviewed, nn. I–XIX (19 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter VII — The Supreme Pontiff Innocent XI condemned the principles of the aforesaid propositions. Later theologians devised new inventions, by which to conceal truth. A synopsis of the various doctrines, and of the various principles, of these theologians is woven together, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X (10 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter VIII — A comparison of the doctrine of certain more recent writers with the doctrine of Cassian, to whom lies were licit in extreme necessity, and of Augustine, who pronounces lies to be contrary in every event. The same cases, both proposed and resolved by Augustine, and by the contrary doctrine, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII & VIII (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter IX — The doctrine of more recent writers concerning purely mental restrictions is false, and was rightly condemned by the Church, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII & IX (9 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter X — The opinion which asserts that words, by common consent of the human commonwealth, signify nothing, when they are employed to conceal a truth which cannot be manifested without grave harm, is rejected as altogether improbable, and false, nn. I, II, III, IV & V (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XI — The response of Tamburini is refuted, whose assertion seems altogether laxer than the very proposition condemned concerning mental restrictions, nn. I, II, III, IV, V & VI (6 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XII — The opinion of Fr. Cattaneo, of Fr. La Croix, and of a few other authors, who compare a lie with a theft committed in extreme necessity, does not seem consonant with the teaching of the Church, nn. I–XV (15 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XIII — The common opinion of very many more recent writers, which defends restrictions not purely mental, by the benefit of communicable and incommunicable, useful and non-useful knowledge, is brought under examination. It does not differ from the opinion of authors upholding purely mental restrictions, nn. I–XV (15 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XIV — The causes why very many more recent writers really defend proscribed purely mental restrictions. Fr. Sánchez disapproves, beforehand, the opinion of later Casuists. More recent writers' opinions concerning oaths confirmed by restrictions are more dangerous than the ancients' doctrine on the licit use of lying. St. Augustine's invectives against restrictions, nn. I–XVII (17 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XV — The causes are further explained why very many more recent writers really teach purely mental restrictions, and consequently lies. The explanation by which Fr. La Croix interprets the condemned propositions is rejected. His judgment concerning Fr. Cárdenas is approved, and extended to other authors, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI & XII (12 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XVI — Fr. Diego de la Fuente Hurtado upholds that purely mental restrictions are licit for an honorable cause, even after Innocent XI condemned these restrictions. Fr. Carlo Antonio Casnedi teaches that purely mental restrictions are not condemned, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII & XIII (13 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XVII — Our own opinion is proposed. Amphibology is licit, which, whether by force of words, or of circumstances, admits a double sense, both intelligible to the hearer. Not all truths can always be concealed by amphibologies. The error of very many more recent writers on this matter is exposed. Various rules are assigned for full understanding of the question, and for practice, nn. I–XVIII (18 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XVIII — The texts of Sacred Scripture which the ancients oppose in defense of lies, and more recent writers in defense of mental restrictions, are expounded, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII & VIII (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XIX — Certain Gospel texts are adduced, which are customarily brought forward in favor of mental restrictions, and are explained, nn. I–XVII (17 passages)
Diss. III, Equivocal, Ambiguous, and Amphibologi…, Chapter XX — Some objections, drawn both from reason, and from examples, and from the doctrine of the Saints — especially St. Raymond, and from the work of Annibaldus, commonly ascribed to St. Thomas — are resolved, nn. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII & VIII (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Moral Philosophy: Ethics, Deontology and Natural Law
Pt. III, Ch. III, Section III. Of the keeping of Secrets without Lying, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 (9 passages — hover a number to read it)
A Brief Text-Book of Moral Philosophy
Chapter IV: Our Rights and Duties Towards Our Fellow-men, nn. 154, 155, ¶296 & ¶297 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Treated under the broader heading Lying and Mental Reservation — Wouters, Manual of Moral Theology · Koch–Preuss · Vermeersch, Theologia Moralis · Bontempi, Palladium Theologicum V · The Roman Catechism · The Casuist · Spirago · Deshon, Guide — these works do not divide the matter as finely as we do here, so their treatment stands one heading up (ed.)