Index of Writers

INDEX OF WRITERS It seemed good to take a catalogue of writers on moral matters, rather than from Father Gury, who had listed only a few at the end of the second volume, almost from the Introduction which Father Michael Haringer, priest of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer and distinguished professor of moral theology, prefixed to the Regensburg edition, in the year 1846, of the moral theology of St. Alphonsus. For this catalogue is not only fuller, but also indicates the character of the Writers by means of certain signs; and this indeed turns out to be very opportune and most useful for students of this discipline, especially beginners. Moreover, it pleased us now and then to add to the name of the Authors the titles of Works, and also some writers. These additions you will find expressed in different characters, which are commonly called italics.

Father Haringer prefixed this notice to his catalogue: "So that the reader may have not only bare names, but may also be able to judge concerning their merits and authority, wherever we found in St. Alphonsus a judgment concerning them, we have noted this by adding signs: wherefore it must be observed that by a single asterisk * is marked an author praised for knowledge, at least as learned, or even as weighty and classic; by two asterisks ** is marked an author who is weighty and probabilist; by the sign + is marked a weighty probabiliorist doctor; but by +* a rigid author; the milder authors are always named specially."

* Abbas (Nicolaus de Tudeschis), Benedictine, Abbot of Monacensis, Archbishop of Palermo, under both of which names he is cited (he wrote Commentaries on the Books of the Decretals, Counsels, Questions, Practice), born 1370, died 1443.

** Abelly Ludovicus, French, Bishop of Rodez and familiar of St. Vincent de Paul, whose life he wrote (Theological Marrow), born 1604, died 1691.

** Adrian VI, Belgian Pope, had previously written various epistles on the fourth book of the Sentences. Died 1523. Aegidius Romanus, of the Order of St. Augustine, the Most Founded Doctor, disciple of St. Thomas, died 1316.

Albertus Magnus, German (of the Order of St. Dominic, Archbishop of Regensburg, teacher of St. Thomas), born 1193, died 1280.

Albitius Franciscus, Italian, Cardinal (On Inconstancy in Faith, On Inconstancy in Judgments, On the Jurisdiction of Cardinals in their Titles), born 1623, died 1684.

Alensis, or Alexander of Hales, English, of the Order of St. Francis (teacher of St. Thomas, St. Bonaventure, and Scotus; hence called the Doctor of Doctors), died 1245.

** Alvarez Didacus, Spanish, Dominican, professor of theology in his homeland, then at Rome, afterwards Archbishop of Trani, a very celebrated man (says St. Alphonsus) on account of the disputations defended by him in favor of predetermining grace, died 1640.

** Amicus Franciscus, Italian, S.J., taught theology at Naples, Aquila, and Graz, and there was made chancellor of the university; died 1651.

** Amort Eusebius, German, regular canon of Polling and of St. John Lateran, theologian of the Bishop of Augsburg, often praised by St. Alphonsus as a man thoroughly known everywhere for his various and learned works. He committed his moral and scholastic theology to type only after it had first been reviewed by Benedict XIV. He excellently defended probabilism, but in practical questions he was much more severe than St. Alphonsus; born 1692, died 1775.

Anacletus. See Reiffenstuel.

+ Andegavenses collationes. Augmented with notes by His Eminence Gousset, they appeared at Paris in 1829.

** Angelus Ioan. de Clavasio, of the Order of Friars Minor, author of the Angelic Summa, died 1495.

** Angles Ios., Spanish, of the Order of St. Francis, Bishop of Bosa in Sardinia, around the end of the 16th century.

+* Antoine Paulus Gabriel, S.J., author of a very rigid opinion (Homo apostolicus XVI.108; Theologia, book VI, n. 505), born 1679, died 1743.

** Antoninus, saint, of the Order of St. Dominic, Archbishop of Florence (his works have rather recently been reprinted at Verona by the care of the Ballerini. Whether more exactly and faithfully than before? Let others see. Thus Fr. Ant. Zacharias), born 1389, died 1459.

** Aravius or Arauxus Franciscus, Spanish Dominican, taught theology for 20 years at Salamanca, and thereafter was elected Archbishop of Segovia, where he died in the odor of sanctity in 1664.

Armilla. See Fumus.

** Arragonius, Petrus, Spanish, of the Order of St. Augustine, died around 1600.

** Arriaga Rodericus de, Spanish, S.J., was sent into Bohemia in 1624, was chancellor of the University of Prague, and died there in 1667.

** Arsdekin Ricardus, Irish, S.J., taught theology at Louvain and Antwerp, and wrote after the middle of the 17th century.

Astesanus, Italian, of the Order of Minors, wrote around 1330.

Aureolus Petrus, French, Franciscan, Cardinal and Archbishop of Aix, the Eloquent and Elegant Doctor, died around 1323.

Avendano Didacus de, Spanish, S.J., taught theology at Lima in America, died around 1670.

** Aversa Raphael, Neapolitan, cleric regular minor, on account of distinguished merits was five times elected superior general of his order. Innocent X offered him the episcopal church of Nocera, and Alexander VII that of Mardo; but he steadfastly refused, died 1657.

** Azorius Ioan., S.J., conspicuous for skill in languages, talent, and knowledge of theology, for integrity and simplicity of life, and for candor and cheerfulness of soul, adorned the Society of Jesus for a long age, and at last, broken by labors, died at Rome in 1607.

B

Babenstuber Ludovicus, German, Benedictine, 18th century.

** Bail Ludovicus, French, Sorbonne doctor and penitentiary of Paris, 17th century.

** Baldellus Nicolaus, Italian, S.J., penitentiary in the Vatican church (Disputations from Moral Theology), born 1572, died 1655.

+ Ballerini Petrus, Veronese, born 1690, died 1764.

+ Ballerini Hieronymus, brother of the same; they are called by St. Alphonsus followers of the moderate rigid opinion, born 1702, died 1764.

** Bancelius Ludovicus, Dominican and dean of the faculty of Avignon, died 1685.

** Bannez Dominicus, Spanish, Dominican, professor of theology at Complutum, Valladolid, and Salamanca; he greatly aided St. Teresa in the work of reformation, and was her confessor and spiritual guide; born 1527, died 1604.

** Barbosa Augustinus, Bishop of Ugento, celebrated canonist (On the Office of a Bishop, On the Office of a Parish Priest, On Ecclesiastical Law), died 1648.

** Barbosa Petrus, Portuguese, Doctor of both laws, died 1638.

** Bardus Franciscus, Sicilian, S.J., died 1661.

+* Baronius Vincentius, Dominican. His moral theology, as too rigid, was placed on the Index. He wrote at Louvain, around 1670.

Bartholomaeus a S. Fausto, Cistercian (Treasury of Religious, Mirror of Confessors), 17th century.

** Bassaeus Eligius, French, Capuchin (Flowers of All Practical Theology), died around 1650.

Baumgartner Reinhardus, German, S.J., Conclusions Drawn from the Five Books of the Decretals, etc. Rome, 1759.

Bauny Stephanus, French, S.J. (Summa of Cases of Conscience), died 1649.

** Beatus Gabriel, S.J., Moral Questions. Rome, 1663. Becanus Martinus, Belgian, S.J., taught theology for 22 years at Wurzburg, Mainz, and Vienna in Austria with great admiration; born 1561, died 1624.

Beia Ludovicus de, Portuguese, Augustinian, wrote Answers of Cases, around 1587.

Benaglio Ioseph, Count, On Attrition, 1846.

Bernal Augustinus, Spanish, S.J., a man of outstanding erudition and piety (On the Sacraments in General, the Eucharist, and Order), died 1642.

** Berteaut Bartolus, Parisian doctor, wrote The Rule of a Prudent and Pious Confessor, etc., around 1637.

+* Berti Laurentius, Italian (On Theological Disciplines), born 1696, died 1766.

* Biel Gabriel, German, of the Order of Clerics Regular of the Common Life, professor at Tubingen, died 1495.

Billuart Carolus, Belgian, born 1685, died 1757.

Binetus Stephanus, French, S.J., wrote under the fictitious name of Franciscus Fontanus, born 1569, died 1639.

Binsfeldius Petrus, German, suffragan of Trier (On the Confessions of Evildoers and Witches, Pastoral, On Usury), died 1606.

** Bissus Bernardus, Benedictine, wrote in the name of the whole Cassinese academy against Thyrsus Gonzalez, 1694.

Blanchis Paulus, Venetian, Dominican, wrote around 1623.

Bona Ioan., Cardinal (On the Sacrifice of the Mass, Guidance to Heaven, etc.), born 1609, died 1674.

** Bonacina Martinus, doctor of Milan, bishop and nuncio of Urban VIII at the Austrian court (Moral Works), died 1631.

** Bonaespei Franciscus, Carmelite, wrote 1659.

Bonagratia Habsensis, Capuchin, Little Summa of Regular Questions, flourished 1664.

Bonartius Oliverius, Belgian, S.J. (On the Canonical Hours), died 1655.

Bonaventure, saint, of the Order of Minors, Cardinal and Bishop of Albano, the Seraphic Doctor, born 1221, died 1274.

** Bordonus Franciscus, Italian, of the Order of St. Francis.

** Bosco Ioan. a, Batavian, Franciscan (Sacramental Theology), around 1665.

** Bossius Ioan., Barnabite, superior general of his order, died 1665.

Boudewins Michael, Belgian, wrote The Medico-Theological Winnowing-Fan, 1666.

** Bouvier Io. Bapt., Bishop of Le Mans (Theological Institutions for the Use of Seminaries), died 1855.

** Bresserus Mart., Belgian, S.J., rector of the college of Bruges, died 1635.

Burghaber Adamus, Bavarian, S.J. (Three Centuries of Cases), born 1608, died 1668.

** Busembaum Hermannus, German, S.J., rector of the college of Hildesheim, died 1668.

C + Cabassutius Ioan., French, of the Congregation of the Oratory (Theory and Practice of Canon Law), born 1604, died 1685.

* Caietanus (Thomas de Vio), prior general of the Order of St. Dominic, Cardinal and Archbishop of Palermo (On the Summa of St. Thomas, Summa of Cases, Opuscula), born 1469, died 1534.

+* Camargo (De) Ignatius, S.J. (Rule of Moral Uprightness), died 1702.

** Candidus Vincentius, Dominican, master of the sacred palace under Innocent X, who esteemed him as a guide of the wise and a teacher of solid piety; died 1654.

* Canus Melchior, Spanish, Dominican, Bishop of the Canaries, a very celebrated theologian, was present at the Council of Trent. St. Alphonsus calls him a most learned, most erudite, and classic author (Theological Commonplaces, etc.), born 1523, died 1566.

Capreolus Ioan., French, of the Order of St. Dominic, died 1415.

Caramuel (Ioan. de Lobkowitz), Cistercian, Abbot of Mesros, Bishop of Vigevano in Italy. St. Alphonsus calls him the prince of laxists (Fundamental Theology, Moral Theology, Regular Theology), born 1602, died 1649.

** Cardenas (Ioan. de), Spanish, S.J. (Theological Crisis), around 1700.

+ Carrière Iosephus, French, of the Congregation of St. Sulpice (Greater Theological Lectures, On Contracts, and On Marriage), died 1864.

** Caspensis Ludovicus, of the Order of St. Francis, around 1635.

* Castropalaus (Palaus) Ferdinandus, Spanish, S.J., conspicuous from boyhood for talent and piety, was venerated by his equals in theological questions as an oracle. When warned of imminent death he showed signs of unusual joy, frankly confessing that by his conscience he was accused of no mortal fault in his past life; thus he most peacefully fell asleep in the Lord (Moral Work), 1633.

** Catalani Petrus, S.J. (Moral Theology), 1728.

Chapeauville Ioan., Belgian, born 1551, died 1617.

Chokier Erasmus a, Belgian, canon of Liege, wrote (On the Jurisdiction of the Ordinary, etc.), 1621.

Clericatus Ioan., provost of Padua.

Cocq Florentinus, canon of the Premonstratensian Order (Moral Theology), died 1626.

+ Collet Petrus, French, continuator of Tournely, born 1697, died 1770.

** Comitolus Paulus, Italian, S.J. (Counsels or Moral Replies) ¹, born 1546, died 1626. +* Concina Daniel, Italian, called by St. Alphonsus a most rigid author, born 1686, died 1756.

¹ By calumny Nicolius counted Comitolus among the enemies of probabilism. Thyrsus Gonzalez incautiously copied this error from Nicolius, and after him others thereafter.

** Coninchius (Koninch) Aegidius, Belgian, S.J., a disciple not unequal to the great Lessius, taught at Louvain (On Human Acts, Faith, Hope, Charity, the Sacraments, Censures), born 1571, died 1633.

+* Contensonius Vincentius, French, Dominican, a most rigid author according to St. Alphonsus, died 1674.

Continuator of Sporer. See Katzenberger.

Corduba Antonius de, Spanish, Franciscan, wrote in 1553.

Coriolanus (Franciscus a Coriolano), Capuchin (On Reserved Cases), flourished 1618.

Corneius Petrus, Spanish, of the Order of Carmelites, taught theology at Salamanca, died 1618.

** Corradus Pyrrhus, Neapolitan canon (Practice of Dispensations), 17th century.

* Covarruvias Didacus, Spanish, very celebrated disciple of Martinus Navarrus, distinguished jurist, Bishop of Segovia, born 1512, died 1577.

** Croix (Claudius La-Croix), Belgian, S.J., taught theology in the University of Cologne, born 1652, died 1714.

Crux Ioan. de la, Italian, Dominican, died 1613.

+* Cuniliati Fulgentius, Italian, born 1685, died 1759.

Curiel Ioan. Alphons., doctor of Salamanca, died 1609.

D

De Iustis Vincentius, nobleman of Lucca (On Matrimonial Impediments and Dispensations), flourished 1691.

** Delbene Thomas, Italian, cleric regular, wrote (On Ecclesiastical Immunity, etc.) 1649.

Delrio Martinus Antonius, Belgian, S.J. (Magical Investigations), born 1551, died 1608.

Diana Antoninus, cleric regular (Theatine), consultor of the sacred office in Sicily, an author too benign ², born 1585, died 1663.

² Franciscus Antonius Zacharia excellently vindicated Diana, a man otherwise most distinguished in knowledge and erudition, from the note of laxity.

** Dicastillus Ioan., Neapolitan, S.J., taught theology in the University of Murcia and Toledo, then at Ingolstadt. He was no less pious than learned (On the Sacraments, Oath, and Censures. On Justice and Law, etc.), born 1585, died 1653.

Dionysius the Carthusian, Belgian, born 1402, died 1471.

Dript Laurentius, Benedictine, Archidiaconal Mirror, in the year 1646.

Duarte Didacus, of the Order of St. Francis, Brief Exposition of the Condemned Propositions, Rome, 1712.

** Duarte Franciscus, Spanish, S.J., born 1559, died 1601.

** Du Hamel Ioan. Bapt., professor at Paris (Speculative and Practical Theology), born 1624, died 1706.

Dupinius Ludovicus, French, Jansenist, born 1657, died 1719.

Durandus de S. Portiano, Dominican, Master of the Sacred Palace, and Bishop, 1320.

** Duvallius Andreas, royal professor in the Sorbonne and dean of the theological faculty. He was a friend and spiritual guide of St. Vincent de Paul (On St. Thomas, On the Power of the Pontiff), born 1554, died 1638.

E

** Ehrentreich Adamus, German, S.J., Declaration of the Principles concerning the Use of a Probable Opinion. Rome, 1699.

** Elbel Beniamin, German, of the Order of Friars Minor, lecturer in theology and synodal examiner of the Bishop of Passau, died after 1750.

+ Elizalde Mich. de, Spanish, S.J., wrote (under the fictitious name of Antonius Celladeus: Right Doctrine of Morals), around 1690.

Engel Ludovicus, Benedictine, College of the Whole of Canon Law, 1688.

** Escobar Antonius de, of Valladolid, S.J. (Universal Moral Theology), born 1589, died 1669.

** Esparsa Mart., Spanish, S.J. (Theological Course), around 1666.

Eugenius Lombardus V. Sfondrati, Cardinal.

F

+* Fagnanus Prosper, for many years secretary of the sacred congregation of the council, easily the chief of rigid authors (according to St. Alphonsus) (On the Books of the Decretals), born 1598, died 1678.

** Fagundez Stephanus, Portuguese, S.J., taught theology at Lisbon (On the Precepts of the Decalogue and of the Church. On Justice and Contracts), born 1577, died 1645.

** Farinaccius Prosper, Roman jurist (Decisions of the Roman Rota), died 1618.

Felinus. See Sandaeus.

** Fenek Ioannes Lucas, parish priest at Rome, Flowers of Cases of Conscience.

** Ferraris Lucius, Italian, of the Order of Minors, consultor of the sacred office (Juridical, Canonical Library, etc.), died after 1760. ** Filliuccius Vincentius, Italian, S.J., was professor of theology in the Roman College, then respondent for questions of conscience and penitentiary of the Pope (Moral Questions. Course, etc.), born 1556, died 1622.

** Fragosa Ioan. Bapt., Portuguese, S.J., died 1639.

** Francolinus Balth., Italian, S.J. (Roman Cleric. On the Sorrow Required for the Sacrament of Penance, etc.), 18th century.

+* Franzoia Angelus, of Padua, still more rigid, says St. Alphonsus, than Father Concina.

Frassen Claudius, French, of the Order of Minors, born 1620, died 1714.

** Fumus Bartholomaeus, Italian, Dominican and inquisitor general. He is also called Armilla from his summa so named, died 1545.

G

** Gallego Barnabas, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, died around 1661.

** Gamachaeus Philippus, Sorbonne doctor and professor, Abbot of St. Julian of Tours, born 1568, died 1625.

Gandavensis Henricus, Sorbonne professor, then archdeacon of Tournai, the Solemn Doctor, born 1219, died 1295.

** Garcias Nicolaus, Spanish, professor of civil and canon law, canon of Avila (On Benefices. On Dispensations), 17th century.

Gavantus Bartholomaeus, Italian, cleric regular of St. Paul (Barnabite) (On the Rubrics of the Missal and Breviary), died 1640.

+* Genettus Franciscus, French, Bishop of Vaison, born 1640, died 1702.

Gerson (Ioan. Charlier), chancellor of the University of Paris, born 1363, died 1429.

** Gesualdus de Bononiis, Franciscan, professor of theology and qualifier of the sacred office in the kingdom of Sicily, equally outstanding in piety and doctrine, 16th century.

** Gibertus Ioan. Petrus, French, born 1660, died 1736.

Gigas Hieronymus, Italian, legal expert, flourished around 1548.

Giraldi Ubaldi, of the Clerics Regular of the Pious Schools, Exposition of Pontifical Law, 1769.

Giribaldus Sebastianus, Italian, cleric regular of St. Paul, wrote in the year 1700.

Gisbertus Ioan., French, S.J., born 1639, died 1711.

Gobat Georgius, German, S.J., taught theology at Fribourg in Switzerland and at Constance. An author very much erudite and abounding in experience, but fairly benign ³ (Sacramental Experiences. A Quinary of Treatises), born 1600, died 1679.

³ Others have excellently vindicated Gobat from the note of laxity. See below, V Vindications.

Gomez Antonius, Spanish, jurist of Salamanca, wrote around 1550.

+* Gonet Ioan. Bapt., French, Dominican, born 1616, died 1681.

Gonzalez Tellez Emmanuel. On the Books of the Decretals.

Gonzalez Hieronymus, Gloss on the Rule of the Sacred Chancery, 1569.

+* Gonzalez Thyrsus, Spanish, first professor of theology, then superior general of the Society of Jesus. He gave much labor to this, that probabiliorism might be taught in the schools of the Society of Jesus, and for this reason he called probabiliorists from Spain to Rome; he himself also published a work on the right use of probable opinions, where, defining a probable opinion, he says that it is probable which, when all things have been considered, appears true to the one acting. "I do not know," says St. Alphonsus, "how the aforementioned authors (where he speaks of Gonzalez, Habert, Fagnanus, etc.), by asserting that it is not licit to use for acting anything except morally certain opinions, when in this way they in reality utterly reject the use of probable opinions, although in words they seem to admit it; I do not know, I say, how they can be excused from the condemned proposition which said: it is not licit to follow an opinion, among probable opinions, even the most probable"; died 1705.

** Gordonus Iac., Scottish, S.J., confessor of Louis XIII, King of France, born 1552, died 1641.

Gormaz Ioan. Bapt., Spanish, S.J., Theological Course.

* Gotti Vincentius, of Bologna, Dominican, devoted himself to studies at Bologna and Salamanca; then he himself taught theology at Rome; in the course of time he was elected prior, provincial, and inquisitor of the order; finally, on account of distinguished merits and rare knowledge, he was created Patriarch of Jerusalem and Cardinal by Benedict XIII; born 1664, died 1742.

** Graffius, or Iacobus de Graffis, Cassinese abbot, wrote, 1693.

** Granadus Iac., Spanish, S.J., shone equally in knowledge and piety, and was held by all in the highest esteem; born 1562, died 1632.

Gratianus of Bologna, Benedictine, compiler of the decree, or first part of canon law, in the middle of the 12th century.

** Gravina Dominicus, Neapolitan, Dominican, was in successive times professor of theology at Rome, vicar general of his congregation, and procurator general of the whole order; died 1643.

** Gravina Iosephus Maria, Neapolitan, S.J., Apologetic Treatise on Probabilism, 1755.

Gregorius Ariminensis, Augustinian; the Most Excellent Doctor; died 1358.

** Guttierez Ioan., Spanish jurist, around 1580.

+* Habert Ludovicus, French, most rigid Sorbonne doctor (cf. Gonzalez). Moreover this man, says St. Alphonsus, did not hesitate to assert that opinion which, according to Bellarmine, is altogether erroneous, namely, that the Pope, even when defining from the chair, both in matter of faith and of morals, can err: perhaps because this most false opinion, and one commonly rejected by our authors, seems to the Gauls themselves morally certain and immune from fear; born 1635, died 1717.

** Hacquetus Ioan. Bapt., Irish, Dominican, taught theology at Milan, Naples, and Rome; died around 1685.

Harduinus Ioan., French, S.J., a very learned man, but plainly singular in his opinions; born 1646, died 1729.

Haunoldus Christophorus, Bavarian, S.J. (On Contracts), died 1630.

** Hauzeur Mathias, Flemish, definitor and provincial of the Order of Friars Minor, died 1650.

+* Henno Franciscus, Belgian, of the Order of St. Francis, 17th century.

+* Henricus a S. Ignatio, Belgian, Carmelite (Ethics of Love, which work was condemned), died 1720.

** Henriquez Henricus, Portuguese, S.J., taught theology at Cordoba and Salamanca, where he had the celebrated Father Suarez as a disciple (Summa of Moral Theology), born 1536, died 1608.

** Herinx Guillelmus, Belgian, Franciscan, on account of his merits was elected Bishop of Ypres; born 1536, died 1608.

** Holzmann, German, 18th century.

Homobonus de Bonis, of the Order of Clerics Regular of St. Paul (Morals).

Hostiensis Henricus de Segusia, Bishop of Ostia (whence the name) and Cardinal, very celebrated doctor of both laws (Golden Summa), died 1271.

** Humbertus, prior general of the Order of St. Dominic, died 1277.

** Hurtadus Gasparus, Spanish, S.J., taught theology at Complutum, and there was elected dean of the faculty (On the Sacraments), born 1575, died 1646.

Hurtadus Petrus, de Mendoza, Spanish, S.J. (On Faith, Hope, Charity, Justice, etc.), born 1578, died 1651.

Hurtadus Thomas, Spanish, cleric regular minor (On Residence, etc.), died 1659.

** Huygens Gomarus, doctor of Louvain, familiar of Quesnellius, born 1631, died 1702.

I

** Ildephonsus Ioan. Bapt., Spanish, Dominican, rector of the college of Zaragoza (he published his work by formal precept and decree of the General Chapter of the Dominicans celebrated at Rome), died 1639.

Illsung Iacobus, German, S.J., taught at Ingolstadt (Universal Practical Theology), 1693.

Ioannes Maior, professor at Paris, around 1528.

** Ioannes a S. Thoma, Portuguese, of the Order of St. Dominic, died around 1664.

** Iosephus a S. Ianuario (Selected Questions), 17th century.

** Isambertus Nicolaus, French, Sorbonne doctor, friend of St. Vincent de Paul, died 1642.

K Katzemberger Kilianus, German, of the Order of Minors, continuator of Sporer, 18th century.

Kercne Simon, S.J., On the Fourth Book of the Decretals, 1713.

Krimer Ferdinandus, German, S.J. (Canonical Questions on the Five Books of the Decretals), 18th century.

Kugler Ioannes, German, S.J., chancellor of the University of Wroclaw, wrote on marriage and betrothals around 1712.

L

Lambertini Prosper, Cardinal, afterwards Pope Benedict XIV, born 1675, died 1758.

Lancellotti Ioan. Paulus, Italian, very celebrated legal expert, born 1511, died 1591.

** Lanfrancus Nicolaus, Polish, S.J., a man very distinguished in wisdom and virtue, born 1575, died 1652.

** Lao Andreas, Dominican, 17th century.

+* Launoius Ioannes, French, Sorbonne doctor, very hostile to the apostolic See, born 1603, died 1678.

Laurentius Augustinus, S.J., Theological Syntagmata, etc., born 1692.

** Laymannus Paulus, German, S.J., born at Innsbruck, taught philosophy, moral theology, and canon law, of which he was most expert, at Ingolstadt, Munich, and Dillingen. A man profoundly learned and, what is rare, most modest and most humble. In canon law, which he also illustrated with commentaries, he was held in such esteem that even secular doctors of other academies took care to have his dictations copied for themselves, even for a price. He was consulted everywhere from the most remote places on the most difficult matters as though an oracle. He seemed without deceit, patient of labors, with his spirit placed beyond hope and fear, ready to serve all and, by contempt of himself, casting himself beneath all. At the end he was touched by plague at Constance; lest perhaps he infect another, he immediately withdrew himself into a separate place, dissuading others lest on his account they expose themselves to the danger of contagion; and in this humility of soul he left mortals. He is a classic doctor, in whom we find an equal knowledge of Sacred Scripture, the holy Fathers, the canons of the Church, and moral theologians; wherefore Muzzarelli says that he was second to no moral theologian, or almost none; born 1576, died 1625.

Leander a SS. Sacramento, French, of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity, an author too benign (Summa of Nine Parts), died 1667.

Le Dent, Belgian, S.J., On Attrition from Fear of Hell, 1667.

** Ledesma Bartholomaeus de, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, Bishop of Antequera in America, died 1604. ** Ledesma Petrus, Spanish, Dominican, died 1616.

+ Le Drou Petrus Lambertus. On Contrition and Attrition, 1708.

** Lessius Leonardus, Belgian, is to be numbered among the greatest ornaments of the Society of Jesus, and we can scarcely suffice to praise him. From youthful age even to his end, always ill and broken by pains, he seemed to draw out life without flesh; wherefore it is to be wondered how he could write so much and excel so singularly in all doctrines, sacred and profane. The wisest men of his age, such as Suarez, Vasquez, Molina, and others, sought out his judgment in the gravest affairs of the sciences. Nothing was sadder to him than to hear praises of himself. Yet amid pains he was always cheerful and consoled others. What shall I say of his austerity toward himself and singular devotion toward the Blessed Virgin Mary, on whom he said perseverance in vocation depended? He was an outstanding emulator of angelic purity, and once, when he had treated of sins of luxury, he frankly confessed that he had not even felt the first motions of the flesh. To say it in few words, he was an exemplar of all virtues. The Supreme Pontiffs Paul V and Sixtus V esteemed him very highly; moreover St. Francis de Sales thanked him for his work on justice and the other cardinal virtues; St. Charles Borromeo commended his works to confessors; and St. Alphonsus likewise numbers him among the classic doctors (On Justice and Law, Supplement to I-II, in which there are various cases of conscience), born 1534, died 1623.

Leurenius Petrus, German, S.J., wrote (Beneficial Forum), born 1534, died 1623.

** Lezana Ioan. Bapt., Spanish, Carmelite, taught theology at Toledo, Complutum, and Rome. The Supreme Pontiffs Urban VIII, Innocent X, and Alexander VII esteemed him highly and employed him in very grave matters. He was consultor of the congregation of the index and of rites, assistant of six generals, and procurator general of his order (Summa of Regular Questions, Great Sea, Moral Consultations), born 1586, died 1659.

** Ligorio (De) St. Alphonsus, Bishop of St. Agatha of the Goths and Founder of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, Moral Theology. Apostolic Man, etc. The Sacred Penitentiary declared that anyone can safely follow his doctrine; died 1787.

Lohner Tobias, Bavarian, S.J., wrote (Instructions for Confessors, On the Mass, Divine Office, etc.), born 1619, died around 1680.

** Longus Franciscus a Coriolano, Italian, Capuchin, 17th century.

** Lopez Ludovicus, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, died 1596.

** Lorca Petrus de, Spanish, Cistercian, died 1602.

** Lott Lud. Bertrandus, Dominican, died 1653.

Lotterius Melchior, Italian, jurist (On Beneficiary Matters).

Luca, Ioan. Bapt. de, Italian, Cardinal (Theater of Truth and Justice), born 1617, died 1683.

** Lugo Franciscus de, Spanish, S.J., was professor of theology, then a missionary among the Indians; but, having been recalled to Rome, was made censor of books to be published by the Society. But when he could not endure the esteem brought to himself from the presence of his brother, then a Cardinal, he returned to Spain, and there finished his life in the odor of sanctity. The greater part of the works which he had written perished in a shipwreck; those which remain are highly esteemed (On God, On the Sacraments), born 1580, died 1652.

** Lugo Ioan. de, Spanish, brother of Franciscus de Lugo, younger in years, but still more excellent in praise, Cardinal of the holy Roman Church, a singular ornament of the Society of Jesus. He was of such disposition and such talent that as a boy of three years he read books, and in the fourteenth year of his age publicly defended theses from logic. Moved by the example of his brother, though his father was unwilling, he embraced the Society of Jesus. Having completed his studies, he taught philosophy and theology at Valladolid for 10 years, and at Rome for 20 years. Conspicuous for vast wisdom and profound humility, and esteemed by all, he himself carefully fled honors; but honors follow the one fleeing. When, suspecting no such thing, he had been created Cardinal by Urban VIII, he went to the Supreme Pontiff and humbly asked whether His Holiness commanded this to him in virtue of holy obedience. The Pontiff answered: "Yes, altogether we impose upon you a formal and most formal precept." When this had been said, the humble father, obediently acquiescing, reverently submitted his head to His Holiness placing the red hat upon him. Having been made Cardinal, he nevertheless did not change his religious life. Having been duly provided with the sacraments by Cardinal Sfortia Pallavicino, formerly his most beloved disciple in theology, and fortified with the pontifical blessing, he rendered his soul to God. St. Alphonsus says (book III, 552) that Lugo after St. Thomas can without temerity be called easily the chief among other theologians (On Law and Justice, On Faith, The Sacraments in General, The Eucharist, Penance. Moral Replies), born 1583, died 1660.

** Lupus Christianus, Flemish, of the Order of St. Augustine. Clement IX esteemed him highly and wished to raise him to the episcopate; but he preferred to remain at Louvain, where he was professor and dean of the faculty; born 1612, died 1681.

Lyranus (Nicolaus de Lyra), French, of the Order of St. Francis, died 1349.

M

Machado de Chaves Ioan., archdeacon of Lima in America, died 1653.

Maior Ioan., Scot, professor at Paris, born 1478, died 1548.

** Malderus Ioan., Belgian, Bishop of Antwerp, died 1633.

Maldonatus Ioan., Spanish, S.J., very celebrated commentator on the Gospels, on account of his immense erudition was called to Rome by Gregory XIII to prepare a new edition of the Septuagint, and there finished his life; born 1534, died 1583.

** Malettus Carolus, Sorbonne doctor, born 1608, died 1628.

Mangionus Valentinus, Italian, S.J., On Religious Poverty, died 1660.

Mansi Ioan. Dominicus, Italian, celebrated collector of councils, born 1692, died 1769. Marchantius Iacobus, dean of Gouvensis, wrote (Pastoral Resolutions), around 1630.

** Marchantius Petrus, Belgian, Franciscan, held the first offices of his order (Sacramental Tribunal), born 1585, died 1661.

Martinez Gregorius, Spanish, Dominican, provincial of his order, died 1668.

Martinon Ioan., French, S.J., died 1662.

Mascardus Ios., Italian, jurist (On Proofs), died 1595.

** Mastrius Bartholomaeus, Italian, of the Order of Minors, died 1669.

Maurus Sylvester, Italian, S.J. (Theological Questions), born 1619, died 1672.

** Mazzotta Nicolaus, Neapolitan, S.J. (Moral Theology), died 1748.

** Medina Bartholomaeus, Spanish, Dominican, celebrated professor of Salamanca, who first reduced the doctrine concerning probable opinions into a system (Expositions on St. Thomas), born 1528, died 1581.

** Medina Ioan., Spanish, theologian of Complutum, born 1490, died 1546.

Megala Marcellus (Canonical Criminal Practice. Canonical Moral Resolutions, etc.).

Mendo Andreas, S.J. (Balance of Opinions).

Menochius Iacobus, Italian, celebrated jurist (On Proofs), born 1532, died 1607.

Merati Caietanus Maria, cleric regular, born 1668.

Meratius Ludovicus, French, S.J., died 1664.

+* Merbes Bonus. Christian Summa. It smells of Baianism.

+* Mercorus Iulius, Dominican, most keen champion of the rigid opinion, died 1658.

+* Merenda Antonius, Italian (his work was condemned), born 1578, died 1657.

Merolla Franciscus, Neapolitan, of the Congregation of the Oratory (Moral Theology), 17th century.

Michel Augustinus, German, born 1661, died 1751.

** Milante, Neapolitan, Bishop, died 1749.

Molfesius Andreas, Italian, Theatine, around 1613.

* Molina Ludovicus, Spanish, S.J., very celebrated author of the work On Justice and Law, and of another, On the Concord of Grace and Free Will, born 1555, died 1600.

Monacellus Franciscus (On the Rules of the Chancery).

Montesinos Ludovicus, Spanish, died 1621.

Moya Matthaeus, Spanish, S.J. His moral questions, according to Rassler, as too benign, were prohibited at Rome and handed over to fire; but afterward, corrected, they appeared at Cologne with the approbation of superiors (Selected Moral Questions), died after 1672.

Muniessa Thomas, Spanish, S.J., Stimulus of Conscience, 1698.

N ** Naldus Antonius, Italian, cleric regular, doctor of both laws, around 1600.

+* Natalis Alexander, French, of the Order of St. Dominic, rigid in moral doctrines, born 1639, died 1724.

* Navarrus (Martinus Azpilcueta de Navarra), Spanish, canon regular, on account of great knowledge in theology and canon law was called to Rome and made penitentiary. In him, before the other virtues, liberality toward the needy especially excelled. (Commentary on Canon Law. Enchiridion or Manual, etc.) Having been born ninety-two years, died 1586.

* Navarrus Petrus (or Navarettus), Spanish, Dominican (On Restitution, etc.), around 1590.

Navarrus Tiburtius, Spanish, of the Order of Minors, 16th century.

Nazarius Ioan. Paulus, Italian, Dominican, was highly esteemed by Clement VIII and was sent with the apostolic nuncio to Bohemia to extirpate heresies; died 1645.

** Neusser Bruno, French, professor of theology and provincial of the Recollect Friars of Cologne, wrote (a most complete Theologico-Moral-Canonical Polyanthaea), 1680.

+* Nicole Petrus, French, Jansenist, born 1625, died 1695.

Noceti Carolus, S.J., Truth Vindicated, Rome, 1753.

Novo-castro Andreas, Franciscan, most ingenious Doctor.

** Nugnus Didacus, Spanish, Dominican, 17th century.

O

Ochagavius Petrus, Spanish, 17th century.

Onnate Petrus de, Spanish, S.J., missionary in the Peruvian province, afterward provincial of Paraguay (On Contracts), born 1567, died 1646.

+* Opstraedt Ioannes, Theological Dissertation. On the Practice of Administering the Sacrament of Penance, etc. Entered into the Index of prohibited books.

* Oviedo Franciscus de, Spanish, S.J. (On St. Thomas I-II. Likewise on Faith, Hope, and Charity), born 1602, died 1651.

P

Palacius Michael, Spanish, 16th century.

Palaus. See Castropalaus.

* Pallavicinus Sfortia, S.J., Cardinal, very celebrated author of the history of the Council of Trent (Assertions on Universal Theology), born 1607, died 1667. * Paludanus (Petrus de Palude), French, Dominican, Patriarch of Jerusalem, died 1342.

Panormitanus. See Abbas.

Pardus Emmanuel, Spanish, S.J., 1664.

Parisius Flaminius, jurist (On the Resignation of Benefices).

Pasqualigo Zacharias, Italian, Theatine cleric regular, an author too benign (On the Sacrifice of the New Law), 1630.

Passerinus Petrus Maria, Dominican (On Canonical Election), 1694.

+* Patutius Vincentius, Italian, Dominican, bitter adversary of St. Alphonsus, author of moral theology, born 1700, died 1769.

Pavone Ios. Maria, Neapolitan, of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, died at the end of the 18th century.

Pax Iordanus, Bishop and canonist.

** Pelbartus de Temeswar, of the Order of St. Francis.

Pellizarius Franciscus, Italian, S.J. (Manual of Regulars. On Nuns), died 1651.

** Perez Antonius, Spanish, S.J., born 1583, died 1649.

Perez Martinus, Spanish, S.J., at once most excellent in piety and talent (On Marriage, in the year 1656).

Pesantius Alexander, Roman, doctor of theology and of both laws, 1617.

Petra Vincentius, Cardinal, Commentary on the Apostolic Constitutions.

+* Petrocorensis, anonymous theologian, who published moral theology for the use of the seminary of Perigueux.

Petschacher Benedictus, Benedictine. On Restitution, in the year 1676.

Peyrinis (Laurentius de), of the Order of Minims (On the Privileges of Regulars, etc.), died around 1620.

Phoebeus Franc., Italian, S.J., Institutions of Canon Law, died 1706.

Piasecius Paulus, Polish, doctor of both laws, archdeacon of Warsaw (Episcopal and Ecclesiastical Practice), around 1665.

** Pichler Vitus, German, S.J., professor at Ingolstadt (Canon Law. Canonical Questions), died 1750.

Pignatellus Iacobus, Italian (Canonical Consultations), around 1645.

Pirhing Henricus, Bavarian, S.J., celebrated canonist (Method of Canon Law, etc.), died around 1670.

Pittonius Franciscus Maria, Bishop of Imeria, canonist.

Platelius Iacobus, Belgian, S.J. (Synopsis of the Theological Course), born 1608, died 1681.

Polancus Ioan., S.J. (Directory of the Confessor. Method of Helping the Dying), 1617.

+* Pontas Ioannes, French (Dictionary of Cases of Conscience), born 1638, died 1728.

** Pontius Basilius, Spanish, Augustinian (On Marriage), died 1629.

Pontius Ioan., Spanish, Franciscan (Theological Course), around 1644.

Portel Laurentius, Portuguese, of the Order of St. Francis, a pious and wise theologian (Moral Replies. Doubts of Regulars), died around 1640.

** Possevinus Antonius, Italian, S.J., apostolic nuncio in Poland, Russia, and Sweden. He was confessor of St. Francis de Sales when the latter was engaged in studies at Padua; born 1534, died 1611.

Potestas Felix, Italian, of the Order of Minors (Ecclesiastical Examination).

** Prado Martinus de, Spanish, Dominican, died 1668.

** Praepositus Ioan., Belgian, S.J., a man of sincere piety, born 1571, died 1634.

Q

Quaranta Stephanus, Italian, doctor of both laws, 17th century.

Quarti Paulus Maria, Italian, of the Congregation of Clerics Regular (On the Rubrics of the Mass), 1655.

Quintanadvenas Antonius de, Spanish, S.J. (Singular Matters of Moral Theology), died 1651.

R

Raymundus de Pennafort, saint, born 1175, died 1275.

Raynaudus Theophilus, French, S.J. (Various Moral Works), born 1583, died 1663.

Rebellus Ferdinandus, Portuguese, S.J. (On the Obligations of Justice, Religion, and Charity), born 1547, died 1608.

Rebuffus Petrus, French, Parisian jurist (Practice of Benefices, etc., 1610).

Reding Augustinus, Benedictine. Scholastic Theology, 1667.

Redoanus Guillelmus, On Ecclesiastical Spoils. On Simony, 1570.

** Reginaldus Valerius, French, S.J., disciple of Maldonatus. He was a man no less learned than holy, and especially most devoted toward the Most Holy Sacrament. St. Francis de Sales and St. Charles Borromeo commended his works to the clergy; and St. Alphonsus likewise numbers him among the classic doctors (Practice of the Penitentiary Forum. On the Prudence of the Confessor), died 1623.

** Reiffenstuel Anacletus, Bavarian, of the Order of Minors of St. Francis, celebrated canonist, cited rather often under the name Anacletus (Canon Law. Moral Theology), 18th century.

** Reuter Ioannes, German, S.J., distinguished by solidity of doctrine, neatness, and order of matters. Moral Theology, died 1762.

Rhodes Georgius de, French, S.J. (Scholastic Theology), died 1664.

Riccius Aloysius, Neapolitan canon (Golden Practice of the Ecclesiastical Forum), 1674.

** Rodriguez Emmanuel, Portuguese, of the Order of St. Francis (Summa of Cases, Regular and Canonical Questions), born 1551, died 1649. ** Roncaglia Constantinus, Italian, of the Congregation of the Mother of God (Moral Theology), 18th century.

Rosa Thomas de. On Executors of Apostolic Letters, 1683.

Rosell Ioseph, Carthusian, Practice of Laying Down a Doubtful Conscience and Scruples, 1656.

Rosella. See Trovamala.

Rosmer Paulus, Belgian, S.J. (On Human Acts. On Law and Justice. On Penance), died 1664.

S

** Sa Emmanuel, Portuguese, S.J. Saint Pius V esteemed him highly and employed him in the new edition of the sacred books (Aphorisms of Confessors), born 1530, died 1596.

** Sabinus Franciscus, of Bologna, of the Order of Minors, 17th century.

+ Saettler Gaspar, Doctor of Strasbourg. Universal Moral Theology, 18th century.

** Salas Ioan. de, Spanish, S.J. (On II-II of St. Thomas. On Contracts), died 1613.

** Salmanticenses, Discalced Carmelite Fathers of the city of Salamanca (Theological Course), 17th century.

Salmeron Alphonsus, Spanish, S.J., companion of St. Ignatius, was present at the Council of Trent.

** Salonius Mich., Spanish, of the Order of St. Augustine (On Law and Justice, etc.), 17th century.

** Sanchez Thomas, Spanish, S.J. (Moral Work on the Decalogue. On Marriage), born 1551, died 1610.

Sancius (Sanchez) Ioan., Spanish, doctor of both laws, an author too benign (Selected Disputations), around 1620.

** Santarellus Antonius, Italian, S.J., born 1569, died 1649.

** Sayrus Gregorius, English, Benedictine of Monte Cassino (Royal Key. On Censures), died 1602.

Sbroccius Iacobus. On the Vicar of the Bishop, 1592.

Schiara Anton. Thomas, cleric regular, Warlike Theology, 1707.

** Schildere Ludovicus de, Belgian, S.J. (On the Principles of Forming Conscience), born 1606, died 1667.

Schmalzgrueber Franciscus, S.J., Universal Ecclesiastical Law.

Scotus Ioan. Duns, Franciscan, the Subtle Doctor, died 1308.

** Serra Ioan. Angelus, Italian, died 1775.

** Sfondratus Coelestinus, Benedictine, taught canon law at Salzburg; then Abbot of the Monastery of St. Gall; finally he was created Cardinal; born 1649, died 1696.

* Silvester (Prieras), Italian, master of the sacred Palace and superior general of the Order of St. Dominic (Silvestrine Summa), died 1523.

Simanchus Iacobus, Italian, Bishop Pacensis.

Simonet Edmundus, French, born 1662, died 1733.

+* Sinnichius Ioan., Irish, doctor of Louvain, defender of Jansenius, who did not hesitate to assert: "Jansenius cannot be condemned except with Pelagius laughing and Augustine weeping." The same is the author of the condemned proposition which said that it is not licit, among probable opinions, to follow the most probable; died 1666.

Sorbo Hieronymus de, Capuchin.

** Sotus Dominicus, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, taught theology for 30 years in the University of Salamanca and was present at the Council of Trent (On the Fourth Book of the Sentences. On Justice and Law), born 1494, died 1560.

Sotus Petrus, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic (On the Formation of Priests), died 1563.

Spe Fridericus, German, S.J., Criminal Caution, died 1635.

Sperellus Alexander, Italian, Bishop of Gubbio (Decisions of the Ecclesiastical Forum), around 1638.

** Sporer Patritius, German, of Passau, of the Order of St. Francis, definitor of his order. Concerning this author St. Alphonsus says that he was in his opinions fairly equitable and perhaps sometimes more benign than is fitting (Moral Theology, etc.), died after 1700.

Stephanus a S. Paulo, Carmelite (Moral Theology).

** Stoz Matthaeus, German, S.J. (Penitential Tribunal), born 1614, died 1678.

** Struggl Marcus M., outstanding theologian from the Order of Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Moral Theology according to the Sacred Canons and Approved Authors, etc., 1758.

** Suarez Franciscus, Spanish, S.J., a man of most founded knowledge and profound humility. He taught theology with highest praise at Complutum, Salamanca, and Rome, and left 23 folio volumes besides manuscripts. Benedict XIV named him a luminary of theology. Bossuet praises him especially as, so to speak, a doctor of every kind of knowledge; and St. Alphonsus numbers him among the classic doctors. He was of such sanctity of life that, dying, from sweet jubilation he could exclaim that he had not thought departure to be so easy. Many thought that the sciences had been infused into him divinely; born 1548, died 1617.

Suarez Ioan., Portuguese, of the Order of St. Augustine, Bishop of Coimbra, was present at the Council of Trent; died 1580.

** Sylvius Franciscus, Belgian, canon and dean of Saint Amatus of Douai, where he taught theology for more than 30 years. A man at once learned and holy; born 1581, died 1649.

T

+* Taberna Ioan. Bapt., Belgian, S.J. (Synopsis of Practical Theology) ⁴, around 1700. Tabiena Ioan., Italian, Dominican (Tabiena Summa, or Summa of Summas), around 1525.

⁴ There were those who accused Taberna rather of laxity. Others thereafter drove this note away from him. See below, V Vindications.

Tamburini Ascanius, of the Vallumbrosan Congregation. On the Law of Abbots.

Tamburini Thomas, Sicilian, S.J., taught theology for 24 years, and afterward was made censor of books and consultor of the sacred Office. An author too benign (On the Decalogue, etc.), born 1591, died 1675.

Tancredus Vincentius, Italian, S.J. (Moral Questions, On Marriage, On the Virtue of Religion), born 1609, died 1659.

** Tanner Adam, German, S.J., born at Innsbruck, taught theology at Ingolstadt and Munich for 20 years; but, his fame increasing, the Emperor Matthias summoned him to Vienna, that he might explain theology in place of Martinus Becanus; Ferdinand II, however, gave him as chancellor to the University of Prague when he entrusted it to the Society of Jesus. Finally, with health opposing him and Gustavus Adolphus invading Bavaria, having returned into Tyrol, he died on the journey itself. Skilled in various languages, lover of ecclesiastical history, unwearied investigator of the holy Fathers, he possessed great authority, which religious virtues still increased; born 1572, died 1632.

** Terillus Antonius, English, S.J., most erudite doctor and professor of Louvain, standard-bearer of the probabilists, as Amort says (On Probable Conscience, the Rule of Morals), around 1668.

Thesaurus Carolus, S.J., On Ecclesiastical Penalties.

Thomas Aquinas, saint, the Angelic Doctor, born 1227, died 1274.

Thomassinus Ludovicus, French, of the Congregation of the Oratory (Old and New Discipline of the Church concerning Benefices, etc.), born 1619, died 1695.

Tiraquellus Andreas, French, celebrated legal expert (On the Privileges of a Pious Cause), died 1558.

** Toletus Franciscus, Spanish, was a singular ornament of the Society of Jesus, and with Bellarmine, Lugo, and Pallavicino was held worthy to be assumed into the sacred college of Cardinals. He so excellently joined highest knowledge with profound humility and devotion that many doubted whether they should admire his sanctity or doctrine more. His instruction of priests was received with the highest praise of the Christian world, and was commended to the clergy by St. Francis de Sales as containing safe doctrine. Cabassutius, although an antiprobabilist, did not hesitate to say that many ages would scarcely see a man of such merit, and that no praises would suffice for Cardinal Toledo; born 1532, died 1596 ⁵.

⁵ His Exposition on the Summa of Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas was first published from the autograph at Rome, by the types of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide, in the years 1869 and 1870, comprised in four volumes in quarto.

Tonduti Petrus Franciscus de. (Canonical Questions and Resolutions, etc.).

Trovamala Ioan. Bapt. de, Italian, of the Order of Minors, author of the summa which is called Rosella, 15th century.

** Trullenchus Ioan., Spanish (Practice of the Sacraments), died 1633.

Tuccius Stephanus, Italian, S.J., 16th century.

Turrecremata Ioan. de, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, Cardinal, Bishop of Sabina, born 1388, died 1468.

Turrianus Aloysius, Spanish, S.J. (On I-II of St. Thomas. On Penance. On Virtues and Vices), born 1562, died 1635.

Tuschus Dominicus, Cardinal (Practical Conclusions of Law), died 1620.

U

Ubaldis Petrus de, Italian, celebrated jurist, born 1400.

Ugolinus Bartholomaeus, Italian, of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine (On Censures and Irregularities), 16th century.

Urbanus ab Ascensione, Carmelite, 1648.

Ursaya Dominicus, Roman jurist.

V

Valente Franciscus, Portuguese, S.J., Concord of Pontifical Law with Caesarean Law, died 1662.

** Valentia Gregorius a, Spanish, S.J., taught philosophy and theology at Rome, Ingolstadt, and Dillingen (Theological Commentary on the Questions of St. Thomas, etc.), born 1543, died 1603.

Valentin, French, wrote in French on the Precepts and the Priestly Office, died 1847.

Van-Espen (Zegerus Bernardus), Belgian, a man most hostile to the apostolic See, born 1646, died 1728.

** Vasquez Gabriel, Spanish, S.J., taught theology for 30 years at Rome and Complutum. In him virtue seemed to contend with doctrine, obedience with talent, piety with wisdom. Benedict XIV named him and Suarez the two luminaries of theology; born 1551, died 1604.

Vega Alphonsus, Spanish, of the Order of Minors, around 1596.

Vega Andreas, Franciscan, a man outstanding in doctrine and theologian of the Council of Trent.

** Velasco Achatius, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, Bishop of Orihuela, died 1765.

Velasquez Ioan. Ant., Spanish, S.J., born 1585, died 1669.

Ventriglia Ioan. Bapt., Italian, Bishop of Caserta.

Veracrux Alphonsus, Spanish, 16th century.

Verricellus Angelus Maria, Italian, cleric regular (On Apostolic Missions), 17th century.

** Victoria Franciscus de, Spanish, Dominican, had very celebrated disciples, Dominicus Soto, Bartholomaeus Medina, and Melchior Canus, who called him the supreme teacher of theology and the best leader; died 1549. ** Vidal Marcus, Italian, cleric regular and professor of theology, 16th century.

Viexmontius Claudius, Parisian. Salutary Penance of the Sinner, 1595.

** Villalobos Henricus de, Spanish, Franciscan (Golden Candelabrum on the Sacraments and Censures), around 1620.

** Villar Thomas, Spanish, of the Order of St. Dominic, around 1650.

Gobatian Vindications, or examination of the propositions which the Bishop of Arras condemned from the works of Father Gobat, 1706.

Vindications of Taberna, or the Anonymous Author who defended Taberna against the condemnation of the Bishop of Arras, 1706.

** Viva Dominicus, Italian, S.J., taught theology for 30 years at Naples. Benedict XIV mentions him with praise (Condemned Theses. Theologico-Moral Course), died around 1710.

Vivaldus Martinus Alphonsus, Italian, canon regular of the Congregation of the Most Holy Savior, around 1590.

Vogler Iosephus, German, S.J., cultivator of law, theologian, Concerning the Obligations of Restitution, 18th century.

** Voit Edmundus, German, S.J., Practical Moral Theology, died toward the end of the 18th century.

Volpiliere Philippus de. Speculative and Practical Theology, 1590.

W

Wadingus Petrus, Irish, S.J. (On Contracts), born 1586, died 1644.

Wagnereck, Bavarian, of the Society of Jesus, Exegetical Commentary on the Decretals, 1665.

Waldensis Thomas, English, died 1430.

+* Wendrochius Guillelmus, most rigid Jansenist, whose book on probabilism was condemned and handed over to the flames, 17th century.

Wex Iacobus, German, S.J. (Caroline-Canonical Ariadne), 17th century.

Wiestner Iacobus, German, S.J. (Canonical Institutions), 17th century.

+* Wigandt Martinus, German, Dominican, professor of theology in the University of Vienna, 16th century.

Wiggers Ioan., Belgian, doctor of Louvain, a very learned and pious man, born 1571, died 1639.

+ Witassus Carolus, French, Sorbonne doctor, born 1660, died 1716.

Z

Zabarella Paulus, Cardinal, of Padua, Augustinian.

** Zacharia Franciscus Anton., Italian, S.J., born 1712, died 1796.

Zacchias Paulus, Roman physician. Medico-Legal Questions, 17th century.

Zambranus Melchior, Spanish (Golden Decisions of Cases of Conscience), around 1604.

Zanardus Michael, Italian, an author too benign, born 1570, died 1641.

Zecchius Laelius, jurist, canon of Brescia. On the Ecclesiastical Republic, etc., around 1580.

Zechius Franc. Xav., German, S.J., professor at Ingolstadt, died around 1750.

** Zerola Thomas, Italian, Bishop of Minorca (Episcopal Practice. Practice of the Sacrament of Penance), died 1663.

Zoesius Henricus, J.U.D. at Louvain. On the Whole of Canon Law, died 1627.

Zumel Franciscus, Spanish, of the Order of Mercy, died 1706.

Zypus Franciscus, jurist, vicar general of Antwerp. Replies on Canon Law. On Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. New Pontifical Law.