CHAPTER II: ON JUBILEE

1781. - The word Jubilee is derived, according to many, from the Hebrew jobel, which signifies fiftieth, because among the Hebrews the year of Jubilee recurred in the fiftieth year; or, according to others, from the same word signifying the sound of a trumpet, by which the fiftieth year was announced. According to others also, Jubilee is derived from jubal or jobal, which signifies to germinate, because in the fiftieth year the earth was not cultivated, and the inhabitants fed on fruits germinating spontaneously.

In imitation of the Jubilee of the Old Testament, the Ecclesiastical Jubilee was instituted, which now is celebrated at Rome and in the whole world, with a most full indulgence of sins, with great joy and solemnity. After its first institution, from the decree of Boniface VIII in the year 1300, it was held also in every fiftieth year;¹ then from the decree of Urban VI, every thirtieth year; finally from the statute of Paul II, it began to be celebrated every twenty-fifth year.

1782. Definition. - A Jubilee is a solemn plenary Indulgence, which the Supreme Pontiff sometimes grants to Christ's faithful, with the obligation of performing certain pious works, at the same time granting confessors special power of absolving from reserved sins and censures, and of commuting most vows.

Hence a Jubilee does not differ except accidentally from an ordinary plenary Indulgence, namely by reason a) of solemnity, b) of the privileges annexed to it, and c) of the most abundant and extraordinary graces which accompany it. For altogether special graces of this kind are shown by the wonderful and astonishing effects which the Jubilee is wont to produce, even if solemn gatherings of the faithful are not made, nor the divine word preached.

1783. Division. - A Jubilee is distinguished in many ways:

1° The greater Jubilee, which regularly occurs every twenty-fifth year, which year is called holy. It is also called the ordinary Jubilee, because it is fixed and determined by law.

2° The lesser Jubilee, which is wont to be granted by individual Supreme Pontiffs after the elevation of each one, and in other peculiar circumstances, and is called an extraordinary Jubilee.

3° General, which is granted to the whole world, of which kind the greater Jubilee always is, and sometimes also the lesser Jubilee; but it is wont to be granted to the City, or to Rome alone, before it is granted to the world.

4° Particular, which is granted to some province, city, or particular place.

A whole year is ordinarily granted at Rome for gaining the greater Jubilee; and in the following year it is wont to be granted by extension to all other regions of the Christian world. But to individual parishes for gaining the Jubilee only fifteen days or three weeks are granted. Whether, however, the Bishop can for just causes prolong that time is to be judged from the tenor of the concession.

The lesser Jubilee is first also made at Rome, but for a few weeks, and then it is extended to the universal world, so that, while the year is running, it can be made during a time to be determined by the Bishop.

Note. - In interpreting Bulls of Jubilee, the rules handed down by Benedict XIV are to be observed, to which the Bull of some current Jubilee is not opposed. Thus Pius IX declared, as regards a Jubilee both ordinary and extraordinary, on March 15, 1852.¹

Notes near nn. 1781-1783, definition and division of Jubilee (printed p. 379).

1 L. V. T. IX. c. 1. | 2 Extr. Comm.

Notes near nn. 1782-1783, ordinary and extraordinary Jubilee (printed p. 379).

1 Prinz. n. DCXXII. | 2 C. Benedictus, December 25, 1750. § 4. | 3 Especially in the Constitutions: Benedictus Deus, December 25, 1750; Celebrationem, January 1, 1751; Convocatis, November 25, 1749; Inter praeteritos, December 3, 1749.

1784. Privileges of the Jubilee. - As regards these, the Bull by which the Jubilee is granted is chiefly to be consulted.

Each one of the faithful can enjoy them only once during the Jubilee, but it is not necessary that all be applied to him at the same time or by the same confessor; yet they can be applied only to those "who sincerely and seriously resolve to obtain the Jubilee, and from this intention of gaining it and fulfilling the remaining works necessary for gaining it approach Confession."²

But those things which up to this point, according to the statutes of Benedict XIV³ and the mind of approved authors, have customarily been granted at the time of the extension of the greater Jubilee to the universal Catholic world, are briefly the following:

A. Directly for the penitent. - The faculty of choosing a confessor among those approved by the Bishop of the place where the Confession is made. Hence also any Regulars, Oblates, Tertiaries, etc., for the Confession required for gaining the Jubilee, can without license of Superiors choose any priest from the said approved priests, even a secular one. But Nuns strictly so called and their novices can choose someone from those approved by the Ordinary of the place for hearing the Confessions of Nuns, whether he was approved for this end generally, or for other monasteries.¹ But one once approved for Nuns, whether as ordinary, or as extraordinary, but whose approbation, e.g., on account of lapse of the prefixed term, has ceased, can also be chosen for Jubilee by the aforesaid Nuns, "unless it is clear that the same confessor afterward was positively reproved by the same Ordinary because of demerits which concern those Confessions." Thus S. Paen. in Nouv. Revue Théol.²

B. Directly for the confessor and indirectly for the penitent:

I. The faculty of absolving, for the forum of conscience only, "from excommunications, suspensions, and other ecclesiastical sentences and censures, by law or by man for any cause whatsoever carried or inflicted, even reserved to the Ordinaries of places" and to the Pontiff and the Holy See, "although in special form, and which otherwise in a concession however broad would not be understood to have been granted, and also from all sins and excesses, however grave and enormous, even those reserved to the same Ordinaries and to the Pontiff. . . ."³

By this broad faculty of old there was not comprehended the power of absolving from formal externalized heresy, although only occult. Today, after the Constitution Apostolicae Sedis, it seems to be contained in the cited formula by the words: "and to the Pontiff and the Holy See, although in special form, reserved." Cf. Acta, App. p. 450. Concerning a matter brought to the judicial forum, see n. 1701. Note. - 1). See also T. I. p. LXXI. 15.

Nevertheless, from this broad faculty are excepted:

1° Cases and censures reserved in the Constitution of Benedict XIV, Sacramentum Poenitentiae. Four, however, are established in this Constitution. - a) Confessors are prohibited from absolving penitents solicited to shameful things in Confession (on occasion of Confession, etc., see n. 1407 sq.), as long as these neglect, or culpably omit, to denounce the one soliciting. § 2. - b) There is reserved to the Holy See the crime of those who falsely accuse innocent priests of solicitation before ecclesiastical judges, for example before the Ordinary or the Holy See, or wickedly procure that this be done by others. § 3 (see n. 1400. IV.). - c) From any priest, outside the case of extreme necessity, every faculty and jurisdiction for hearing sacramental Confessions of a person who is an accomplice in a shameful sin committed against the Sixth Precept of the Decalogue is taken away. § 4 (see n. 1404 sq.). - d) A major excommunication latae sententiae reserved in a most special manner to the Roman Pontiff is inflicted on those absolving an accomplice in a shameful sin. § 4 (see n. 1715).¹

2° Sins and censures from which not even in the forum of conscience alone can the Major Penitentiary himself absolve. But they scarcely occur.²

3° Nor can those be absolved who by the Holy See or by some Prelate or ecclesiastical judge have been by name excommunicated, suspended, interdicted, or declared or publicly denounced to have fallen into other sentences and censures, unless (therefore the power of absolving is given only in favor of those who were by name censured because of an injury inflicted on a third person), within the time granted for gaining the Jubilee, they have satisfied and, where there was need, have made agreement with the parties.³

II. The faculty of dispensing from irregularity, occult however, incurred on account of violation of censures through the exercise of Order.

III. The faculty of commuting simple vows (not excepting the vow of not asking for commutation⁴), even sworn and reserved to the Apostolic See,¹ which faculty they also extend to oaths made to God.²

From this faculty are excepted: 1° Vows of perpetual chastity and of entrance into Religion.³ See n. 392. q. 3°.

2° Vows in favor of a third party, if they have already been accepted, unless the third party renounces his right.⁴ Therefore vows made in some Religious Community also are excepted. See n. 1205. VI. q. 1°.

3° Penal vows preservative from sin, unless commutation is made into another work which equally or more conduces to preservation.⁵

But here absolutions, commutations, and dispensations cannot be exercised outside the act of Sacramental Confession without special concession (Resp. S. Paen., March 16, 1865⁶).⁷ See however (49) p. 429.

Notes near n. 1784, privileges of the Jubilee: choice of confessor (printed p. 380).

1 Benedict XIV, c. Celebrationem, §§ 9-11. | 2 Tom. I. p. 430 sq. | 3 Benedict XIV, c. Benedictus, § 4, and Pius IX, Encycl.: Gravibus Ecclesiae, 1874.

Notes near n. 1784, privileges of the Jubilee: absolving faculties and exceptions (printed p. 380).

1 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 85. Loiseaux, Ch. VI. a. II. Sect. I. § I. n. IV.-VII. p. 384-390. | 2 Benedict XIV, c. Pastor bonus, n. 11 sq. | 3 Benedict XIV, c. Benedictus, § 5. | 4 Ferrar. V. Jubilaeum, Art. II. n. 39.

Notes near n. 1784, privileges of the Jubilee: vows and commutations (printed p. 381).

1 Benedict XIV, c. Benedictus, § 4. | 2 Ferrar. V. Jubilaeum, Art. II. n. 35. | 3 Benedict XIV, c. Benedictus, § 4. | 4 Ib. | 5 Ib. | 6 Acta, T. I. p. 176. | 7 Benedict XIV, c. Convocatis, n. 25.

Notes near n. 1785, devout visitation for the Jubilee (printed p. 381).

8 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 76. | 9 Prinz. n. CCCCXLIV. | 10 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 76. Loiseaux, ch. V. a. II. § IV. n. XXV.-XXVII. pp. 235-239.

Notes near n. 1785, conditions for the greater and extraordinary Jubilee (printed p. 381).

1 L. VI. 534 sub 14. Ferrar. V. Jubileum, art. III. n. 7 sq. Bouvier, etc. | 2 Prinz. n. DCXXII. | 3 Bouvier, P. IV. c. 2. art. I. § 2. q. 1. | 4 Loiseaux, ch. V. a. II. § III. n. V. p. 202. | 5 Bouvier, P. IV. ch. II. § 2. a. n. 4. Argues S. Paen., March 16, 1865 ad 2°. Acta, T. I. p. 174 sq. | 6 Benedict XIV, c. Convocatis, n. 45 and Inter praeteritos, § 79. L. VI. 536. XVII. | 7 Bouvier, P. IV. ch. 4. q. 1. Prinz. n. CCXLIV. Dub. 2. | 8 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 54.

Notes near n. 1785, confession, Communion, fasting, and alms (printed p. 381).

1 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 53. | 2 T. VIII. p. 360 (2). | 3 Benedict XIV, c. Inter praeteritos, § 53. | 4 Id. c. Benedictus, § 8. | 5 L. VI. 536. XI. and 538. q. XII. | 6 Ib. 536. XI. | 7 Acta, T. I. p. 174.

1785. - I. For the general greater Jubilee at least the following conditions are required:

1° A devout visitation (namely with the mind of showing honor to God or his Saints⁸) of churches or of some chapel which makes part of a church whose visitation is required,⁹ by praying piously according to the intention of the Supreme Pontiff. But devotion seems to be required also on the journey (which nevertheless no one is held to make on foot), or, as Benedict XIV speaks,¹⁰ "let one walk modestly, and in these," i.e., even on the journey, "let some act of religion be exercised." - But it is not an obstacle if, when on account of the multitude of people you cannot enter the church to be visited, you pray in the vestibule, or before the doors, or in the cemetery, or before the entrance of the church, while this is closed. Except if visitation of an interior altar or chapel is required. But if several altars, etc., had to be visited, there would be need at least of motion of the body toward that altar, with the intention of visiting it, and then of reciting the due prayers.¹ If in some place there is one church only, the Ordinary can substitute as many visitations of the same church as visitations of diverse churches are required for acquisition of the Jubilee.²

2° Confession of sins, formally integral,³ performed with sincere sorrow.

3° Communion made in the state of grace, or in which at least sanctifying grace is conferred first per accidens.⁴ Cf. n. 1208. q. 2°. 1209. q. 3°.

II. For an extraordinary Jubilee, moreover, these are customarily prescribed:

1) The fast of three days, Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. But he who has been dispensed from fasting cannot use this dispensation on the days on which said fast is prescribed, without commutation, if he wishes to gain the Jubilee.⁵

2) Alms, either some alms, or according to each one's faculty. But it is not necessary to give money; it suffices to give another thing estimable by price, e.g., clothing, etc.

Note. - 1° Confession and Communion can be performed before the visitations of the churches, between them, or after them. But the last work must be placed in the state of grace. If, however, someone after Confession falls into mortal sin, he is not held to repeat the visitations of the churches, the fasts, or the alms; nevertheless, if he has not yet performed the last work, he is held to confess again, nor does contrition suffice.⁶

2° The works prescribed for gaining the Jubilee can be performed anywhere, if the visitation of churches be excepted, since the designated churches must be visited. Nevertheless he who confesses in a place where the Jubilee is not celebrated cannot enjoy the privileges which have been granted to confessors in the place of the Jubilee.⁷ But it is clear from the following that all enjoined works, for those detained by a legitimate impediment (namely moral impossibility, or notable difficulty⁸), can validly be commuted into works not owed from elsewhere,¹ if you except prayer, as we opine against Acta,² which can be separated from the visitation of churches,³ and Confession and Communion in general. This commutation belongs to the Bishop or to delegates by him; but at least delegated confessors must perform it in Confession itself.⁴

III. For a particular Jubilee, attention is to be paid to the tenor of the granted Indult; ordinarily only three things are required, namely Confession, Communion, and the visitation of some church.

Notes near n. 1785, commutation of prescribed Jubilee works (printed pp. 381-382).

1 P. IV. ch. II. § 8. q. 1; ch. III. § 5 sub 5°. | 2 Acta, T. VIII. p. 361 sub IV. and VII. T. XI. p. 527 sub III. | 3 C. Inter praeteritos, § 77.

1786. Questions. - Quaer. 1° Whether boys, old men, the infirm, or others who cannot fast can gain the Jubilee without fasting?

Resp. No, unless they obtain commutation of the fast into another work. The reason is that fasting is expressly prescribed as a condition of gaining the Indulgence. For it is not enjoined as a precept, from which necessity excuses, but is assigned as a condition without which there is no Indulgence.

Quaer. 2° Whether one can satisfy for the enjoined fasts by fasts otherwise owed, e.g., if the Jubilee is made in the time of Lent or the Ember days?

Resp. No per se, with St. Alphonsus.⁵ The reason is that by one payment one cannot satisfy a double burden; and the Pontiff, when he imposes a fast, always intends to impose a special obligation concerning a thing not yet prescribed.

Nevertheless, if the Pontiff determines, or permits to be determined, for gaining the Jubilee a time in which by precept of the Church the fast is already to be observed, as is the time of Lent or the Ember days, by that very fact he is judged to dispense the faithful from the obligation of obtaining a commutation of the fast into another work.⁶ This doctrine is confirmed by the Resp. of S. Paen., January 20, 1865, ad 1.⁷

Quaer. 3° Whether Confession and Communion can be commuted?

Resp. No, at least speaking generally. The reason is that Bulls speaking of works to be commuted do not speak of Confession, nor of Communion, at least for adults. Indeed, they are expressly excluded by Benedict XIV in the Bull Inter praeteritos § 58, where it is said that the faculty of commuting pious works is not understood to be given concerning Confession and Communion (except for boys), or the prayer necessary in the visitation.

Nevertheless, as it seems, if one about to communicate on the last day were prevented from Communion by an unexpected event, he could obtain a commutation of Communion, or a prorogation of the Jubilee. - Thus commonly, says Bouvier.¹

Quaer. 4° Whether boys not yet refreshed by Communion can gain the Jubilee with it omitted?

Resp. No, unless they obtain commutation. For it is elicited from the Bull of Benedict XIV, Inter praeteritos § 80, and of Leo XII for the Jubilee, that those who at the time of the Jubilee are not capable of Communion can gain the Jubilee, Communion being commuted, by license of the Bishop, into another pious work.

Quaer. 5° Whether Easter Communion suffices for gaining the Jubilee, if the Jubilee is celebrated in Paschal time?

Resp. No, as is clear both from what was said in q. 2° and from the declaration of S. Paen.² But declarations which seem contrary (see Acta, T. I. p. 174), since they were given according to the mind of His Holiness, can be interpreted in the sense of an indult.

Quaer. 6° Whether those having only venials ought to confess?

Resp. Yes, altogether. Formerly there was great controversy concerning this; but it fell after the express Declaration of Benedict XIV.³ Nevertheless absolution is not necessarily required, since no mention is made of it.

Quaer. 7° Whether Confession made on the vigil of the first day of the Jubilee suffices?

Resp. No. The reason is that all works must be done within the interval of time established for gaining the Jubilee. Nevertheless Confession can be begun either on the vigil or before, provided it is finished during the time of the Jubilee. Yet Confession could be made in that part of the vigil which follows first Vespers, because the first day is customarily computed, in ecclesiastical manner, from first Vespers; and this is constantly observed in the ordinary Jubilee of the City, as is clear from the Bull Peregrinantes of Benedict XIV, May 5, 1749, § 5. Besides, the days for performing the enjoined works, as is clear from § 6 of the same Constitution, can be taken either as natural or ecclesiastical, "namely from first Vespers of one day up to the whole evening twilight of the following day itself." - Hence someone, having completed in the afternoon hours one series of visitations according to the computation of the ecclesiastical day, can immediately begin another series of the same visitations for the following ecclesiastical day. It is clear also from the Response of the Eminent Cardinal Major Penitentiary in Nouv. Revue Théol.¹

Quaer. 8° What quantity of alms is to be given?

Resp. 1° If in the Bull it is said: Who will have given alms, any quantity suffices, provided it is not so small that it seems to be almost nothing.

Resp. 2° If it is said: As much as shall have seemed to each one according to his faculty, or it is required for the support of some pious work, then the quantity ought in some way to have proportion with the faculties of each one; hence to give a small coin would suffice for a poor man, but not for a rich man.²

Quaer. 9° Whether, or how, the poor, Religious, and children of a family ought to give alms?

Resp. 1° All are held either to giving alms in some way, at least through another, or to substituting another pious work determined by the confessor. The reason is that, where there is question of obtaining some grace, impossibility of furnishing the condition does not excuse from it, as impossibility of fulfilling a precept does, as was said above in q. 1°.

Resp. 2° The poor can satisfy by giving a very small thing, e.g., a coin, or a little piece of bread, etc. But it is more advisable for this work to be commuted for them into another.

Resp. 3° Religious and children of a family satisfy if some alms is given by their Superiors in their name, and with their knowledge and consent.

Quaer. 10° Whether the enjoined works must all be completed in one week?

Resp. 1° Yes, as regards the fasts. This is clearly evinced from the formula, which lies thus: "Those who have taken part in the procession, or have visited the churches, and on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday of one of the two weeks have fasted, and likewise have confessed their sins and been refreshed by Holy Communion, and have given alms," etc. But from these words it is evidently clear that the three fasts are to be made in the same week.

Resp. 2° But it is controverted as regards the other works. - In the Bull of Pius IX for the Jubilee granted after his own exaltation, November 20, 1846, it is said: 1° For the City: "Those who, from the sixth day of December up to the twenty-seventh day of the same month, have twice within those three weeks visited (the basilicas, etc.), and there for some space of time have prayed devoutly, and within the same weeks have confessed their sins, and reverently received the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist," etc. 2° For the World: "Those who . . . for three weeks have twice visited the churches to be designated, or any one of them, and have devoutly performed the other works," etc. Therefore, if this Bull is to be held as the norm for future extraordinary Jubilees, the negative opinion will be certain.

Quaer. 11° Whether or how travelers can gain the Jubilee?

Resp. 1° The time of the Jubilee can be prolonged for them up to their return; nor is anyone held to postpone his journey, unless he can do so conveniently. 2° If they are found on a journey when the Jubilee is begun in their own place, they can likewise gain it there after their return. 3° If they pass through places where the Jubilee is celebrated, they can gain it there. Thus St. Alphonsus,¹ with others commonly. This is clear from the Bulls for the Jubilee. Consult the Bull of Pius IX just cited and the Encyclical of the same Pontiff: Gravibus ecclesiae, 1874.

They also say that confessors can prolong the time of Jubilee in favor of those who actually are not able to perform the prescribed works, but soon afterward will be able to do so; this they extend also to the case of a moral obstacle, e.g., if the confessor judges it useful to delay sacramental absolution. But if the prorogation would have to be extended for a long time, they say that the works must be commuted.² Let the tenor of the concession be compared concerning this. In the Bulls of Benedict XIV for the ordinary Jubilee we do not find such a faculty of proroguing.

To this also pertains the decision of S. C. I., November 28, 1759: In the case in which someone, having performed the prescribed works in one week, is sent away unabsolved to another time, he is not held to repeat the works which he has already performed in the time of the Jubilee when he will be absolved, for the effect of gaining the Indulgences of the Jubilee.¹

Quaer. 12° Whether the Jubilee can be gained several times?

Resp. Yes, according to Acta,² as regards the Indulgence, unless the contrary is said in the concession, either implicitly or explicitly. No, according to all, as regards the privileges.

Quaer. 13° Whether through an INVALID Confession in Jubilee censures and reservation of sins are removed?

Resp. No, according to St. Alphonsus. See n. 1403. q. 2°. R. 2°. a).

Quaer. 14° Whether he sins gravely who, after he has been absolved from reserved things, does not fulfill the other prescribed works?

Resp. No, with the common opinion. The reason is that it does not appear that such an obligation was imposed either from the nature of the Jubilee, or from the precept of the Pontiff or of the confessor.³ But he who, with a true intention of gaining the Jubilee, has been absolved from censures, or dispensed in a vow or irregularity, does not fall back in, if afterward, his will being changed, he does not gain the Jubilee, even culpably.⁴

Quaer. 15° Whether he who has confessed in the time of Jubilee, and forgot to confess his reserved sins, can then be absolved by any confessor?

Resp. 1° Yes, if the confessor had the express intention of absolving from all sins, even reserved ones.

Resp. 2° Yes also, more probably, if the confessor did not think about this; because the penitent by force of the Jubilee acquired the right that he could be absolved by any confessor. - Thus more commonly with St. Alphonsus.⁵

But if someone has begun a Confession within the Jubilee which, being materially imperfect, has to be deferred longer, he will be able to be absolved from all reserved sins either then or afterward.⁶

Note. - a) In the Jubilee of the holy year, or the greater Jubilee, for the whole year all other Indulgences, both plenary and particular, granted for the living, are suspended, but not real or local Indulgences, nor those granted for the dead. Indeed, from the concession of Benedict XIV, all Indulgences, even those which otherwise were not applicable to the dead, can be applied to them in this year.

From the suspension of Indulgences for the living are excepted: 1° Indulgences for the dying; 2° Indulgences for the prayer Angelus; 3° Indulgences for visitation of the Most Holy Sacrament solemnly exposed in the Prayers of the Forty Hours; 4° Indulgences for those who accompany the Most Holy Sacrament carried to the sick; 5° all Indulgences which are granted to particular persons, or by another than the Pope. These are deduced from the Constitutions of Benedict XIV and Leo XII and from St. Alphonsus, L. VI. 535. R. II. 1°.

b) Even outside Rome, faculties of absolving from cases reserved to the Holy See and of commuting vows, etc., are suspended, except however the faculties of the Schedule of S. Paen., and those which are recognized to have been granted and permitted to Bishops by common law or through Apostolic concession for the habitual government of dioceses, or for determinate cases or persons, and those which have been bestowed by the Apostolic See on Superiors of Regulars with respect to their own Regular subjects. - Cf. Benedict XIV, May 17, 1749, C. Cum nos. Nevertheless, the suspension either of Indulgences or of faculties has no place at that time at which the greater Jubilee is extended to the world, nor in extraordinary Jubilees.¹

Notes near n. 1786, Jubilee questions on travelers and repetition (printed pp. 383-384).

1 T. VII. pp. 174, 175. | 2 L. VI. 538. q. XI.

Notes near n. 1786, prorogation for travelers and delayed absolution (printed p. 384).

1 L. VI. 538. | 2 Bouvier, T. IV. ch. III. § 4.

Notes near n. 1786, reserved sins and effects after Jubilee absolution (printed p. 384).

1 Prinz. n. CCXLIV. | 2 T. VII. p. 222 in note. | 3 T. VI. 537. q. III. | 4 Benedict XIV, c. Benedictus, § 6; c. Inter praeteritos, § 86. | 5 L. VI. 537. q. IV. | 6 Ib. 535 sub 3.

Notes near n. 1786, suspension of indulgences and faculties (printed p. 384).

1 Bouvier, P. IV. ch. V. Acta, T. 8. P. 486.