A Topic of Moral Theology
The Sources of Morality
The three fonts by which every act is judged — the object chosen, the end intended, and the circumstances.
The works themselves ask 88 questions under this heading — see them together with their answers.
Within this topic
- The Object ▸ 1 subtopics
- The End ▸ 3 subtopics
- The Circumstances ▸ 3 subtopics
- Morality of the Act Indirectly Willed
- Morality of the Consequences of an Act
- Morality of the External Act
In the index as End · Human act · Circumstances · Morality · Object (Objectum) · Act · Means to end · Circumstance · Circumstance of a moral act · End of a moral act · Human act takes morality from the object · Morality of acts · Sin · Actions · Intention · Object of a moral act · Object of the human act · Acts · Circumstances of act · End in view · Human Acts · Indirect will · Means · Sacrilege
In the manuals
Read the manuals side by side → — each work's whole treatment in its own column
Summa of Moral Theology (Summa Theologiae Moralis)
Noldin, Summa of Moral Theology, On the Principles of Moral…, Book Second. On Acts Apt F…, Second Question. On Moral …, Third Article. On The Sources Of Morality, nn. 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 & 77 (9 passages — hover a number to read it)
A Manual of Moral Theology for English-Speaking Countries
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. IV, Section II. The Sources of Morality, nn. 1 & 2 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. IV, Sect. II, Point I. The Object, nn. 1 & 2 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. IV, Sect. II, Point II. The End, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Ch. IV, Sect. II, Point III. The Circumstances, nn. 1, 2 & 3 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Moral Theology: A Complete Course (McHugh & Callan)
Vol. I, Pt. I, Q. I, Art. 3. Acts as Moral, The Sources of Morality, nn. 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 & 75 (6 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Pt. I, Q. I, Art. 3. Acts as Moral, Bad Acts, nn. 79, 80 & 81 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Institutions of Moral Theology (Institutiones Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. I, On Human Acts, IV. On the Various Sources of Morality, nn. 76–94 (19 passages)
Compendium of Moral Theology of Fr. John Peter Gury, S.J., with the Notes of Antonio Ballerini, S.J.
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Article II. On the Sources of Morality, nn. ¶1 & ¶2 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § I. On the Object, n. 26 (5 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § II. On Circumstances, n. 27 (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § III. On the End, nn. 28, 29, 30, 31 & 32 (40 passages — hover a number to read it)
A Handbook of Moral Theology (Koch–Preuss)
Vol. I, Its Subject, Norm, and Object, Morality, Its Subject, Norm, and Object, Ch. V, Section 3: Morality of Human Acts, nn. ¶15, ¶16, ¶17, ¶18, ¶19, ¶20, ¶21, ¶22, ¶23, ¶24, ¶25 & ¶26 (12 passages — hover a number to read it)
Theologia Moralis: Principles — Responses — Counsels
Vol. I, Tr. II, Chapter III: Whence Morality Is Estimated, or On the Sources of Morality, n. 113 — Principle. Since by willing good or evil, and not otherwise, the will itself becomes good or evil, this also holds in the moral order: Acts are specified by the object. Therefore one source of morality can be spoken of, … Read in context →
Manuale Theologiae Moralis
Vol. I, Pt. I, Tr. II, Ch. III, Article II. On the Principles or Sources of Morality, n. 110 — 110. After in the preceding article there has been discussion of the nature of morality in common, or of the formal cause of morality, now one must treat of morality in particular or in concrete. In other words: now it i… Read in context →
Institutiones Morales Alphonsianae
Vol. I, Part First: On the First P…, Tr. III, Ch. II, Article I: On the Principles of Morality, n. ¶296 — 296. Theologians call the principles or sources of morality all those things from which it comes about that some action is good, or evil, or indifferent. For just as the natural goodness of a thing rises from the fullnes… Read in context →
Vol. I, Part First: On the First P…, Tr. III, Ch. II, Art. I, § 1. On the Object, nn. ¶297 & ¶298 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Part First: On the First P…, Tr. III, Ch. II, Art. I, § 2. On Circumstances, nn. ¶299, ¶300, ¶301 & ¶302 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Part First: On the First P…, Tr. III, Ch. II, Art. I, § 3. On the End, nn. ¶303, ¶304, ¶305 & ¶306 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Theologia Moralis Sancti Alphonsi: Reduced into a Compendium
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Article II: On the Sources of Morality, nn. ¶1, ¶2 & ¶3 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § I. On the Object, n. ¶26 — 26. - The object is everything (thing or person) about which some action is morally concerned. Hence in theft the object is another's thing which has been unjustly taken away; in an act of justice, another's thing which … Read in context →
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § II. On Circumstances, n. ¶27 — 27. - Circumstances, so called as if standing around the act, can be defined: "Accidental determinations, or certain accidents of an act, without which this act could indeed exist as to substance, but which nevertheless … Read in context →
Vol. I, Treatise on Human Acts, Ch. III, Art. II, § III. On the End, nn. ¶28, ¶29, ¶30 & ¶31 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Summa Theologiae Moralis
Vol. I, General Moral Theology, Treatise: On Human Acts in…, Second Part: On Human Acts…, Section A: On the Morality…, Question III: On the Principles or Sources of Morality, nn. ¶1, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 & 143 (44 passages — hover a number to read it)
Compendium of Moral Theology
Vol. I, Tr. I, Ch. IV, Article II. On the Sources of Morality, n. 24 — The sources of morality are named those principles which bestow upon human acts their species, or a modification of the species, in the genus of morals. Three sources of morality are numbered, namely: 1st, the object of … Read in context →
Summa Summae S. Thomae (Billuart)
Billuart, Summa Summae, Tomus II. On the Prima Sec…, On Human Acts, On Human Acts in Their Mor…, On the principles of morality, nn. 1–56 (56 passages)
Moral Philosophy: Ethics, Deontology and Natural Law
Pt. I, Ch. III, Section II. Of the determinants of morality in any given action, nn. 1–18 (18 passages)
A Brief Text-Book of Moral Philosophy
Chapter II: The Morality of Human Acts, nn. 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 & 52 (7 passages — hover a number to read it)
Questions of Moral Theology
Slater, Questions, Some Questions Concerning Intention, nn. ¶605, ¶606, ¶607, ¶608, ¶609, ¶610, ¶612, ¶613, ¶614, ¶615, ¶616, ¶617, ¶618, ¶619, ¶620, ¶621, ¶623, ¶624, ¶625, ¶626, ¶627, ¶628, ¶629, ¶630, ¶631, ¶632, ¶633, ¶634, ¶635, ¶636, ¶637, ¶638, ¶639, ¶640, ¶641, ¶642, ¶643, ¶644, ¶646, ¶647, ¶648, ¶649, ¶650, ¶651 & ¶652 (47 passages — hover a number to read it)
Cases of Conscience for English-Speaking Countries, Volume I
Slater, Cases I, Human Acts, Case 9. Morality Not in the External Act, nn. ¶1, ¶2, ¶3, ¶4, ¶5, ¶6, ¶7, ¶8, ¶9 & ¶10 (10 passages — hover a number to read it)
The Catechism of the Council of Trent (The Roman Catechism)
Pt. IV, The Fourth Petition of the Lord’s Prayer: “Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread”, n. ¶3 — Means Of Ascertaining Purity Of Intention In Offering This Petition. A sure standard for judging what petition is good, and what bad, is the purpose and intention of the petitioner. Thus if a person prays for temporal blessings under the impression that they constitute the sovereign good,… Read in context →
The True Spouse of Jesus Christ
Chapter XIX: Purity of Intention, nn. ¶2508, ¶2517, ¶2521, ¶2524, ¶2536 & ¶2548 (6 passages — hover a number to read it)
Manual of Moral Theology (Manuale Theologiae Moralis)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. I, Dissertation I. On the End in General, nn. 1 & 2 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. I, Dissertation II. On the Final End of Man, nn. 3 & 5 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. I, Diss. II, Scholion. On the Necessity of Acting for the Sake of an End, nn. 10, 11, 12 & 13 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. II, Pt. I, Sect. II, Chapter I. On the Object, nn. 65 & 66 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. II, Pt. I, Sect. II, Chapter II. On Circumstances, nn. 67, 68 & 69 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. II, Pt. I, Sect. II, Chapter III. On the End, nn. ¶1, 70 & 71 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. I, Bk. I, Tr. II, Diss. II, Pt. II, Section I. On the Good Act, nn. 242 & 243 (2 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. I, Diss. II, Pt. II, Sect. I, Chapter I. On Intention, nn. 14, 15 & 16 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. I, Diss. III, Pt. II, Section I. On the Requisites for Valid Reception, n. 39 — For validly receiving a sacrament neither faith nor uprightness is required, as is clear from the sense and practice of the Church, which has always held as valid a sacrament received according to the rite of the Church … Read in context →
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. IV, Diss. II, Pt. III, Sect. III, Ch. I, Scholion. On Frequent and Daily Communion, n. 182 — I. Requisites for daily Communion. "Frequent and daily Communion, as being most desired by Christ the Lord and by the Catholic Church, should be open to all Christ's faithful of whatever order or condition; so that no on… Read in context →
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. V, Diss. II, Pt. I, Sect. II, Ch. II, Art. II, § III, Point II. On the Scope of Material Integrity, n. 320 — II. Sins to be confessed must be declared according to: 1. the lowest moral species, at least known confusedly; 2. number; 3. certain circumstances; 4. the external act; 5. the effect, as will be explained. 1. The lowest… Read in context →
Vol. II, Bk. III, Tr. VII, Diss. III, Pt. III, Sect. II, Chapter I. On the Positive Requisites, n. 619 — XI. Right intention; concerning this it suffices to have observed these things: 1. A merely natural intention, that is, one resting on a natural motive alone, does not suffice, so that someone can be excluded for that ca… Read in context →
Cases of Conscience, Proposed by Cardinal de Lugo, by Fr. Beniamino Elbel, by Fr. Ioannes Petrus Gury and by Other Authors, and Resolved (Casus conscientiae)
8. On the End of the Agent, nn. 1 & 2 (7 passages — hover a number to read it)
9. On the Object of Morality, nn. 1, 2 & 3 (7 passages — hover a number to read it)
10. On the Circumstances of Human Acts, nn. 1 & 2 (9 passages — hover a number to read it)
Commentaries on Human Acts (Commentarii de Actibus Humanis)
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary III: On Elicited and Commanded Acts of the Will, n. 15 — 15. Moreover the end which intention regards is not necessarily the ultimate end, as in fruition, as will be said in its own place. “Intention,” says St. Thomas in the cited place, a. 2, “regards the end according as it … Read in context →
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary IX: On the Morality of Human Acts, nn. 27, 28, 29 & 30 (4 passages — hover a number to read it)
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary XI: On the Object of Human Acts, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary XII: On the End of Human Acts, nn. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11 (12 passages — hover a number to read it)
Bucceroni, Commentaries on Human Acts, Commentary XIII: On the Circumstances of Human Acts, nn. 1–18 (18 passages)
Pastoral Questions
Merkelbach, Pastoral Questions, I. Questions Concerning Ch…, On Chastity and Lust, Question Two: Concerning Chastity and Lust in General — Theological Principles, nn. ¶136, ¶137, ¶138, ¶139, ¶140, ¶141, ¶142 & ¶143 (8 passages — hover a number to read it)
Moral Enchiridion, Comprising Select Decrees and Definitions of the Holy See, of Ecumenical Councils and of the Sacred Roman Congregations (Enchiridion Morale), Fourth Edition
Bucceroni, Moral Enchiridion (4th ed., 1905), On Human Acts, nn. 71 & 79 (3 passages — hover a number to read it)
Synopsis of Moral and Pastoral Theology
Vol. II, Fundamental Moral Theology…, On Human Acts — Chapter II: On the Morality of the Human Act, nn. 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 & 168–182 (21 passages — hover a number to read it)