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Library › Merkelbach, Summa Theologiae Moralis › Volume III. On the Sacraments (1962) › Special Moral Theology: On the Sacraments › Treatise: On Order
  • Volume I. On Principles (1935)
    • Title Pages and Approvals
    • Prologue
    • General Moral Theology
      • Treatise: On the Last End of Human Acts or On Beatitude
        • Question One: On the Ultimate End in Common
        • Question Two: On Objective Beatitude
        • Question Three: On Formal Beatitude
        • Question Four: On the Qualities of Beatitude
        • Question Five: On the Mode of Obtaining Beatitude
      • Treatise: On Human Acts in Themselves
        • First Part: On Human Acts According to Material and Psychological Being
          • Section A: On the Condition of Human Acts
            • Chapter I: On the Subjective Element of the Human Act
              • Question One: On the Voluntary
                • Article I: On the Voluntary in Itself
                • Article II: On the Voluntary Both Positive and Direct, and Negative and Indirect
                • Article III: On the Voluntary in Itself and in Cause
              • Question Two: On the Impediments of the Voluntary or On the Involuntary
                • Article I: On Violence
                • Article II: On Fear
                • Article III: On Concupiscence
                • Article IV: On Ignorance
              • Question Three: On the Free
              • Question IV: On the Impediments of Freedom
                • Article I: On the Passions
                • Article II: On Habit and Custom
                • Article III: On the More Remote Impediments of Freedom
            • Chapter II: On the Objective Element of the Human Act
              • Question I: On the Essential Element or Object
              • Question II: On the Accidental Element or on Circumstances
          • Section B: On the Distinction of Human Acts
            • Question I: On Elicited Acts
            • Question II: On Commanded Acts
        • Second Part: On Human Acts According to Moral Being
          • Section A: On the Morality of the Human Act in General
            • Question I: On the Essence and Species of Morality
            • Question II: On the Foundations of Morality
              • Article I: On the Intrinsic Difference Between Good and Evil
              • Article II: On the Norm of Morality
              • Article III: On the Objective Foundation of Morality
              • Article IV: On False Systems Concerning the Foundations of Morality
              • Article V: On the Apprehensive Faculty of Morality
            • Question III: On the Principles or Sources of Morality
            • Question IV: On the Specific Distinction Between a Good and an Evil Act
            • Question V: On the Specific Distinction Among Various Good or Evil Acts
              • Article I: On the Object
              • Article II: On Circumstances
              • Article III: On the End
          • Section B: On the Morality of Human Acts in Species
            • Question I: On the Goodness and Malice of the Interior Act
            • Question II: On the Goodness and Malice of the Exterior Act
            • Question III: On the Goodness and Malice of the External Effect
            • Question IV: On the Goodness and Malice of Passions
            • Question V: On the Goodness and Malice of Circumstances
        • Third Part: On Human Acts According to Supernatural and Meritorious Being
          • First Question: On Merit, Especially Supernatural Merit
          • Second Question: On the Conditions of Supernatural Merit
      • Treatise: On Conscience in General
        • First Question: On Moral Conscience According to Itself in Psychological Being
        • Second Question: On Conscience as It Is the Rule of Moral Acts
          • Article I: On the Rectitude of Conscience
          • Article II: On the Certitude of Conscience
        • Third Question: On Christian Conscience as It Is the Rule of Supernatural Acts
      • Treatise: On Laws in General
        • Section A: On Law According to Psychological Being
          • First Part: On Law in General
            • First Question: On Law Itself in Itself
              • Article I: On the Essence of Law
              • Article II: On the Promulgation of Law
            • Second Question: On the Distinction of Laws
            • Third Question: On the Effects of Law
              • Article I: On the Directive Force or Obligation of Law
              • Article II: On the Coercive Force or Sanction of Law
          • Second Part: On Eternal Law Which Is the Foundation of Every Law
            • First Question: On the Essence of Eternal Law
            • Second Question: On the Power of Eternal Law
            • Third Question: On the Mutability of Eternal Law
        • Section B: On the Laws Which Rule Moral Acts
          • Third Part: On Natural Law
            • First Question: On the Essence of Natural Law
            • Second Question: On the Power of Natural Law
              • Article I: On the Directive Force or Obligation of Natural Law
              • Article II: On the Coercive Force or Sanction of Natural Law
            • Third Question: On the Mutability of Natural Law
          • Fourth Part: On Human and Civil Law
            • First Question: On Human Law in Itself
              • Article I: On the End of Human Law
              • Article II: On the Author of Civil Law
              • Article III: On the Quality of Human Law
              • Article IV: On the Formation of Human Law
              • Article V: On the Division of Human Law
            • Second Question: On the Power of Human Law
              • Article I: On the Matter of Human Law
              • Article II: On the Obligation of Human Law
              • Article III: On the Subjects of Civil Law
              • Article IV: On the Fulfillment and Interpretation of Human Law
            • Third Question: On the Mutability of Human Law
        • Section C: On the Laws Which Rule Supernatural Acts
          • Fifth Part: On Divine Law
            • Chapter I: On the Old Law
              • First Question: On the Old Law According to Itself
              • Second Question: On the Power of the Old Law
              • Third Question: On the Mutability of the Old Law
            • Chapter II: On the New Law
              • First Question: On the Essence of the New Law
              • Second Question: On the Power of the New Law
          • Sixth Part: On Ecclesiastical Law
            • First Question: On Ecclesiastical Law According to Itself
              • Article I: On the Author of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article II: On the Matter and Quality of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article III: On the Formation of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article IV: On the Division of Ecclesiastical Law
            • Second Question: On the Power or Obligation of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article I: On the Quantity or Gravity of Obligation
              • Article II: On the Quality and Extension of the Obligation of Preceptive Law
              • Article III: On the Quality and Extension of the Obligation of Penal Law
              • Article IV: On the Quality and Extension of the Obligation of Invalidating Law
              • Article V: On the Subjects of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article VI: On the Fulfillment of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article VII: On the Interpretation of Ecclesiastical Law
            • Third Question: On the Mutability of Ecclesiastical Law
              • Article I: On Ignorance
              • Article II: On Inability
              • Article III: On Dispensation
              • Article IV: On Privilege
              • Article V: On Cessation of the End
              • Article VI: On Abrogation and Derogation
              • Article VII: On Custom
      • Treatise: On Sins in General
        • First Part: On Sin According to Itself
          • First Question: On the Essence of Sin
            • Article I: On the Notion and Conditions of Sin
            • Article II: On the Sin of Omission Negatively Voluntary
            • Article III: On the External Sin of Commission, Indirectly or in the Cause Voluntary
            • Article IV: On the Constitutive Elements of Sin
            • Article V: On the Definition of Sin
          • Second Question: On the Distinction of Sins
            • Article I: On Specific Distinction
            • Article II: On Numerical Distinction
          • Third Question: On the Comparison and Gravity of Sins
          • Fourth Question: On the Subject of Sin
            • Article I: On Movements or Sins of Sensuality
            • Article II: On Consent in Delight, or on Morose Delight
            • Article III: On Consent in the Act, or on Desire and Joy
        • Second Part: On the Causes of Sins
          • First Question: On the Interior Causes of Sin
            • Article I: On Ignorance as a Cause of Sin on the Part of Reason — On Sins of Ignorance
            • Article II: On Passion as a Cause of Sin on the Part of the Sensitive Appetite — On Sins of Infirmity
            • Article III: On Malice as a Cause of Sin on the Part of the Will — On Sins of Malice
          • Second Question: On the Exterior Causes of Sins
            • Article I: On God Permitting
            • Article II: On the Devil Tempting
            • Article III: On Man Cooperating
          • Third Question: On Sin Which Is the Cause of Another Sin
            • Article I: On the Mode in Which One Sin Causes Another
            • Article II: On Pride and Vainglory
            • Article III: On Avarice
            • Article IV: On Lust and Gluttony
            • Article V: On Envy and Anger
            • Article VI: On Acedia
        • Third Part: On the Effects of Sins
          • First Question: On the Diminution of the Good of Nature
          • Second Question: On the Debt of Guilt or the Stain of Sin
          • Third Question: On the Debt of Punishment
          • Fourth Question: On Mortal and Venial Sin
            • Article I: On the Difference Between Mortal and Venial Sin
            • Article II: On the Gravity of Mortal Sin
            • Article III: On the Conditions Required for Mortal Sin
            • Article IV: On the Division of Mortal and Venial Sin
            • Article V: On the Conversion of Mortal and Venial Sin
            • Article VI: On Venial Sin in Itself
      • Treatise: On Habits and Virtues in General
        • First Part: On Habits in General According to Psychological Being
          • Question One: On the Essence of Habit
          • Question Two: On the Subject of Habit
          • Question Three: On the Cause of Habits
          • Question Four: On the Distinction of Habits
        • Second Part: On Habits According to Moral Being, or On Acquired Virtues
          • Question One: On the Essence of Virtue
          • Question Two: On the Subject of Virtue
          • Question Three: On the Distinction of Virtues
            • Article I: On Intellectual Virtues
            • Article II: On Moral Virtues
            • Article III: On Cardinal Virtues
          • Question Four: On the Properties of Virtues
            • Article I: On the Mean of Virtue
            • Article II: On the Connection of Virtues
            • Article III: On the Equality of Virtues
            • Article IV: On the Duration of Virtues
        • Third Part: On Habits According to Supernatural Being, or On Infused Virtues
          • Question One: On the Existence and Essence of Infused Habits and Virtues
          • Question Two: On the Distinction of Infused Habits and Virtues
            • Article I: On Theological Virtues
            • Article II: On Moral Virtues
            • Article III: On the Gifts of the Holy Spirit
          • Question Three: On the Cause of Infused Habits and Virtues
          • Question Four: On the Properties of Infused Habits and Virtues
            • Article I: On the Mean of Infused Virtues
            • Article II: On the Connection of Infused Habits
            • Article III: On the Equality of Infused Habits
            • Article IV: On the Duration of Infused Habits
    • Special Moral Theology
      • Treatise: On Divine Faith
        • First Part: On the Object of Faith
          • Question One: On the Formal Object of Faith
          • Question Two: On the Material Object of Faith
            • Article I: On the Material Object in Itself
            • Article II: On the Conditions Required for the Material Object
            • Article III: On the Evolution of the Material Object
            • Article IV: On the Church Proposing the Object of Faith
        • Second Part: On the Act of Faith
          • Chapter I: On the Interior Act of Faith
            • Question One: On the Essence of the Act of Faith
            • Question Two: On the Analysis of the Act of Faith
              • Article I: On the Act Itself of Faith
              • Article II: On the Affection Itself of Credulity
              • Article III: On the Judgment of Credibility or on the Preambles of Faith
            • Question Three: On the Necessity of Faith
          • Chapter II: On the External Act of Faith or on Its Confession
        • Third Part: On the Habit of Faith
          • Question One: On Faith Itself
            • Article I: On Faith Considered in Order to the Subject
            • Article II: On Faith Considered Relatively to the Supernatural Virtues
            • Article III: On Faith Considered Relatively to the Intellectual Habits
          • Question Two: On Those Having Faith
          • Question Three: On the Cause and Effects of Faith
          • Question Four: On the Gifts Corresponding to Faith
        • Fourth Part: On the Vices and Sins Opposed to Faith
          • Question One: On Sins Directly Opposed to Faith
            • Article I: On Infidelity
            • Article II: On Heresy and Apostasy
          • Question Two: On Sins Indirectly Opposed to Faith
            • Article I: On Communication with Infidels and Heretics
            • Article II: On Cooperation with Infidelity and Heresy
            • Article III: On the Reading and Dissemination of Prohibited Writings
            • Article IV: On the Admission or Profession of Doctrine Which Is Dangerous to Faith
          • Question Three: On Blasphemy, Which Is Opposed to the Confession of Faith
        • Fifth Part: On the Precept of Faith
          • Single Question: On the Precept of Faith Itself
      • Treatise: On Divine Hope
        • First Part: On the Object and Act of Hope
          • Question One: On the Formal Object of Hope
          • Question Two: On the Material Object of Hope
          • Question Three: On the Necessity of Hope
        • Second Part: On the Habit and Subject of Hope
          • Question One: On Hope as It Is a Virtue
          • Question Two: On the Subject of Hope
          • Question Three: On the Fear of God
        • Third Part: On Sins Opposed to Hope
          • Question One: On Despair
          • Question Two: On Presumption
        • Fourth Part: On the Precept of Hope
          • Single Question: On the Precept of Hope Itself
      • Treatise: On Divine Charity
        • First Part: On Charity Itself
          • Question One: On the Essence of Charity
          • Question Two: On the Excellence of Charity
            • Article I: On the Excellence of Charity in Itself
            • Article II: On the Excellence of Charity Relative to the Other Virtues
          • Question Three: On Charity Considered as Regards the Subject
            • Article I: On the Subject and Generation of Charity
            • Article II: On the Increase of Charity
            • Article III: On the Diminution and Loss of Charity
        • Second Part: On the Object of Charity
          • Question One: On the Formal Object
          • Question Two: On the Material Object of Charity
            • Article I: On Those to Be Loved from Charity Generally
            • Article II: On Loving God
            • Article III: On Loving Oneself
            • Article IV: On Sinners to Be Loved
            • Article V: On Enemies to Be Loved
          • Question Three: On the Order of Charity
            • Article I: On the Order Between God and Us
            • Article II: On the Order Between Us and Neighbor
            • Article III: On the Order Among Various Neighbors
        • Third Part: On the Acts of Charity
          • First Question: On the Proper Act, or Dilection
          • Second Question: On the Internal Effects of Charity
          • Third Question: On the External Act of Charity, or Beneficence
            • Article I: On Corporal Almsgiving
            • Article II: On Spiritual Almsgiving, or Fraternal Correction
        • Fourth Part: On Sins Opposed to Charity
          • First Question: On Hatred, Which Is Opposed to Dilection
          • Second Question: On Sins Opposed to Joy
            • Article I: On Acedia
            • Article II: On Envy
          • Third Question: On Sins Opposed to Peace
          • Fourth Question: On Sins Opposed to Beneficence
            • Article I: On Active Scandal
            • Article II: On Passive Scandal
            • Article III: On Certain Scandals in Particular
        • Fifth Part: On the Precepts of Charity
          • Single Question: On the Precepts Themselves of Dilection Toward God and Neighbor
    • Appendix. Excursus: On the Systems of Philosophers concerning the Foundation and Norm of Morality
    • Alphabetical Index of Notable Matters
    • Analytical Index (as printed)
  • Volume II. On the Moral Virtues (1935)
    • Title Pages and Approvals
    • Prologue
    • Special Moral Theology: On Moral Virtues
      • Treatise: On the Cardinal Virtue of Prudence and on the Annexed Virtues
        • First Part: On Prudence Itself
          • Question One: On Prudence According to Itself
            • Article I: On the Subject of Prudence
            • Article II: On the Object and Act of Prudence
            • Article III: On the Habit and Cause of Prudence
          • Question Two: On the Parts of Prudence
            • Article I: On the Integral Parts
            • Article II: On the Subjective Parts
            • Article III: On the Potential Parts
            • Article IV: On the Gift of Counsel
          • Question Three: On Sins Opposed to Prudence
            • Article I: On Imprudence
            • Article II: On False Prudence
        • Second Part: On the Virtues Annexed to Prudence Considered in the Formation of Conscience
          • Chapter I: On the Formation of Right Conscience for Removing Error
            • Question One: On the Obligation and Means of Solicitously Forming a Right Conscience
            • Question Two: On the Species of Conscience from the Part of the Object or Rectitude
              • Article I: On True Conscience
              • Article II: On Invincibly Erroneous Conscience
              • Article III: On Vincibly Erroneous Conscience
            • Question Three: On the Practical Formation of Right Conscience
          • Chapter II: On the Formation of a Certain Conscience for Removing Uncertainty
            • Question One: On the Obligation and Means of Forming a Sufficiently Certain Conscience
            • Question Two: On the Species of Conscience from the Part of the Subject or Certitude
              • Article I: On Negatively Doubtful Conscience
              • Article II: On Positively Doubtful Conscience
              • Article III: On Opinative or Probable Conscience
            • Question Three: On the Practical Formation of a Certain Conscience
            • Question Four: On the Sin of One Acting Against Conscience
          • Chapter III: On the Formation of a Right and Certain Conscience
            • Single Question: On the Species of Conscience — On the Part of the Object and at the Same Time of the Subject
              • Article I: On Perplexed Conscience
              • Article II: On Lax Conscience
              • Article III: On Narrow and Scrupulous Conscience
      • Treatise: On the Cardinal Virtue of Justice and on the Annexed Virtues
        • First Part: On Justice in General
          • Chapter I: On Justice Itself According to Itself
            • Question One: On the Notion and Definition of Justice
            • Question Two: On the Object of Justice and on Its Distinction from the Other Virtues
            • Question Three: On the Excellence of Justice
          • Chapter II: On Right
            • Question One: On Right in General
            • Question Two: On the Species of Right
            • Question Three: On the Object of Right and Dominion
            • Question Four: On the Subject of Right and Dominion
              • Article I: On the Dominion of Children Under Parental Power
              • Article II: On the Dominion of Wives
              • Article III: On the Dominion of Authors and Inventors
              • Article IV: On the Dominion of Clerics
              • Article V: On the Dominion of Religious
              • Article VI: On the Dominion of Moral Persons
            • Question Five: On the Acquisition of Right and Dominion
              • Article I: On Occupation
              • Article II: On Invention
              • Article III: On Accession
              • Article IV: On Prescription
          • Chapter III: Concerning Injustice or Injury in General
            • Question One: Concerning Injustice Itself in Itself
            • Question Two: Concerning the Species of Injustice
            • Question Three: Concerning the General Principles of Right by Which Injury Is Discerned
          • Chapter IV: Concerning the Division of Justice
            • Question One: Concerning the Integral Parts
            • Question Two: Concerning the Subjective Parts
            • Question Three: Concerning the Potential Parts
        • Second Part: Concerning Legal Justice
          • Question One: Concerning the Common Good to Be Pursued
          • Question Two: Concerning the Procuration of the Common Good
          • Question Three: Concerning the Defense of the Common Good or On War
        • Third Part: Concerning Commutative Justice
          • Section A: Concerning the Proper Act of Commutative Justice or Concerning Restitution
            • Question One: Concerning the Necessity of Restitution
            • Question Two: Concerning the Roots of Restitution
              • Article I: On Unjust Taking
              • Article II: On Detention of a Thing Received
              • Article III: On Unjust Taking Together with Detention of the Thing
              • Article IV: On Unjust Cooperation
            • Question Three: On the Circumstances of Restitution
              • Article I: On Him to Whom Restitution Must Be Made
              • Article II: On the Order of Those to Whom Restitution Must Be Made
              • Article III: On the Mode by Which Restitution Must Be Made
              • Article IV: On the Place Where Restitution Must Be Made
              • Article V: On the Time When Restitution Must Be Made
            • Question Four: On Causes Excusing from Restitution
              • Article I: On Causes Excusing for a Time
              • Article II: On Causes Exempting in Perpetuity
          • Section B: On Justice and Injustice in Involuntary Exchanges
            • Chapter I: On Injuries in the Internal Goods of Life and Body
              • Question One: On Injuries in the Spiritual Goods of the Soul
              • Question Two: On the Killing of Oneself
              • Question Three: On the Killing of One's Neighbor
              • Question Four: On Dueling
              • Question Five: On Harms Which Are Inflicted upon the Members of the Body
              • Question Six: On Restitution for Homicide and Wounding
              • Question Seven: On the Obligations of Physicians
            • Chapter II: On Injuries in the Goods of Marriage
              • Question One: On Injury and Restitution from Stuprum
              • Question Two: On Injury and Restitution from Adultery
            • Chapter III: On Injuries in the External Goods of Fortune
              • Question One: On the Private Right of Possessing External Goods
              • Question Two: On Theft
              • Question Three: On the Causes Excusing the Taking of Another's Thing
                • Article I: On Urgent Necessity
                • Article II: On Hidden Compensation
            • Chapter IV: On Injuries of Words in the Goods of Reputation and Honor
              • Question One: On Rash Judgment and Suspicion
              • Question Two: On Detraction
              • Question Three: On Contumely
              • Question Four: On the Restitution of Reputation and Honor
          • Section C: On Justice and Injustice in Voluntary Commutations or Contracts
            • Chapter I: On Contracts in General
              • Question One: On the Notion and Division of Contract
              • Question Two: On Consent Required for Contract
              • Question Three: On the Object or Matter of Contract
              • Question Four: On the Subject of Contract
              • Question Five: On the Effect or Obligation of Contract
            • Chapter II: On Unilateral Contracts
              • Question One: On Promise
              • Question Two: On Donation
              • Question Three: On Testament
              • Question Four: On Principles Common to Donation and Testament
              • Question Five: On Legal Succession
            • Chapter III: On Bilateral Onerous Commutative Contracts
              • Question One: On Purchase and Sale
                • Article I: On Purchase and Sale in General
                • Article II: On Sale Through Brokers
                • Article III: On Sale by Auction
                • Article IV: On Retrovendition
                • Article V: On Monopoly
                • Article VI: On Exchange and Trading
              • Question Two: On Letting and Hiring
                • Article I: On the Letting of Things
                • Article II: On the Letting or Undertaking of Making a Work
                • Article III: On the Letting of Services, or On the Contract of Labor
              • Question Three: On the Contract of Partnership
              • Question Four: On Census and Exchange
                • Article I: On Census and the Censual Contract
                • Article II: On Exchange
            • Chapter IV: On Gratuitous Bilateral Contracts
              • Question One: On the Contract of Credit
                • Article I: On Commodatum
                • Article II: On Mutuum
              • Question Two: On Deposit and Sequestration
              • Question Three: On Mandate and Management of Affairs
            • Chapter V: On Aleatory Contracts
              • Question One: On Insurance
              • Question Two: On Play, Wagering, and Lottery
              • Question Three: On Stock Exchange Speculations
            • Chapter VI: On Subsidiary or Accessory Contracts
              • Only Question: On Suretyship, Pledge, and Mortgage
        • Fourth Part: On Distributive Justice
          • Question One: On Judgment, Which Formally and Primarily Is an Act of Distributive Justice
          • Question Two: On Justice and Injustice in Distributing Goods
          • Question Three: On Justice and Injustice in Distributing Burdens
            • Article I: On Taxes and Tolls to Be Paid
            • Article II: On the Obligation of Performing Military Service
          • Question Four: On Public Judgments
            • Article I: On Judges
            • Article II: On the Plaintiff, the Accused, and Witnesses
            • Article III: On Advocates
        • Fifth Part: On the Virtues Annexed to Justice
          • Section A: On Religion According to Itself
            • Question One: On the Essence of Religion
            • Question Two: On the Object of Religion or Divine Worship
          • Section B: On the Acts of Religion
            • Chapter I: On the Internal Acts by Which We Exhibit to God the Mind or the Will
              • Question One: On Devotion
              • Question Two: On Prayer
                • Article I: On the Essence and Object of Prayer
                • Article II: On the Species of Prayer
                • Article III: On the Necessity and Efficacy of Prayer
            • Chapter II: On the Acts by Which We Exhibit the Body to God
              • Question One: On Adoration
              • Question Two: On the Observance of Feasts
            • Chapter III: On the Acts by Which We Offer Something to God
              • Question One: On Sacrifice
              • Question Two: On Oblations
              • Question Three: On Vow
                • Article I: On the Essence of Vow
                • Article II: On the Matter of Vow
                • Article III: On the Obligation of Vow
                • Article IV: On the Cessation of the Obligation of Vow
            • Chapter IV: On the Acts by Which We Assume the Divine Name
              • Question One: On Oath
                • Article I: On the Essence and Object of an Oath
                • Article II: On the Liceity of an Oath
                • Article III: On the Obligation of a Promissory Oath
              • Question Two: On Adjuration
              • Question Three: On Divine Praises
          • Section C: On Sins Opposed to Religion
            • Chapter I: On Superstition
              • Question One: On Undue Worship of the True God
              • Question Two: On Idolatry
              • Question Three: On Divination
              • Question Four: On Vain Observance and Magic
            • Chapter II: On Irreligiosity
              • Question One: On the Tempting of God
              • Question Two: On Perjury
              • Question Three: On Sacrilege
              • Question Four: On Simony
          • Section D: On Piety and Observance
            • Chapter I: On Piety
              • Question One: On Piety in Itself
              • Question Two: On the Offices of Piety Toward Parents
              • Question Three: On the Office of Parents Toward Children
              • Question Four: On the Offices of Spouses
            • Chapter II: On Observance
              • Question One: On Observance in General
              • Question Two: On Dulia
              • Question Three: On Obedience and Inobedience
              • Question Four: On the Offices of Rulers and Subjects
          • Section E: On Truth
            • Question One: On Truth in Itself
            • Question Two: On Violation of a Secret
            • Question Three: On Lying
              • Article I: On Lying Itself
              • Article II: On the Species of Lying
            • Question Four: On Various Cases
          • Section F: On Other Habits Annexed to Justice
            • Question One: On Gratitude and Ingratitude
            • Question Two: On Vindication
            • Question Three: On Liberality
            • Question Four: On Affability
            • Question Five: On Equity
            • Question Six: On the Gift of Piety
        • Sixth Part: On the Precepts of Justice
          • Single Question: On the Precepts of the Decalogue and Other Precepts Pertaining to Justice
      • Treatise: On the Cardinal Virtue of Fortitude and on the Annexed Virtues
        • First Part: On Fortitude Itself
          • Question One: On Fortitude According to Itself
          • Question Two: On the Act of Fortitude or On Martyrdom
          • Question Three: On the Vices Opposed to Fortitude
        • Second Part: On the Virtues Annexed to Fortitude
          • Question One: On Magnanimity
            • Article I: On Magnanimity Itself According to Itself
            • Article II: On Sins Opposed to Magnanimity
          • Question Two: On Magnificence
          • Question Three: On Patience and Longanimity
          • Question Four: On Perseverance and Constancy
      • Treatise: On the Cardinal Virtue of Temperance and On the Virtues Annexed to It
        • First Part: On Temperance in General
          • Question One: On Temperance in Itself
          • Question Two: On the Vices Opposed to Temperance
          • Question Three: On the Parts of Temperance
        • Second Part: On the Virtue of Abstinence
          • Question One: On Fasting According to Itself
          • Question Two: On Ecclesiastical Fasting
          • Question Three: On the Precept of Abstinence from Meats
          • Question Four: On the Subject of Fasting and Abstinence
            • Article I: On Excusing Cause, or Impotence
            • Article II: On Exempting Cause, or Dispensation
          • Question Five: On Violation of Fasting and Abstinence
          • Question Six: On Gluttony
        • Third Part: On the Virtue of Sobriety
          • Question One: On Sobriety in Itself
          • Question Two: On Drunkenness
            • Article I: On Drunkenness in Itself
            • Article II: On Other Sins Committed on the Occasion of Drunkenness
        • Fourth Part: On the Virtue of Chastity and Modesty
          • Question One: On Chastity
          • Question Two: On Luxury
          • Question Three: On the Species of Luxury
            • Article I: On Luxury According to Nature
            • Article II: On Luxury Against Nature
          • Question Four: On Internal Luxury
          • Question Five: On Imperfect Luxury or Immodesty
        • Fifth Part: On the Virtues Annexed to Temperance
          • Question One: On Continence
          • Question Two: On Meekness and Clemency
            • Article I: On Meekness and Clemency in Themselves
            • Article II: On the Opposed Sins
          • Question Three: On Humility
            • Article I: On Humility in Itself
            • Article II: On Pride
          • Question Four: On Studiosity
          • Question Five: On Modesty of Manners
          • Question Six: On Modesty of External Equipment
    • Appendix. Excursus: On the Systems of Moralists concerning Solving Doubt of Conscience
    • Alphabetical Index of Notable Matters
    • Analytical Index (as printed)
  • Volume III. On the Sacraments (1962)
    • Title Pages and Approvals
    • Prologue
    • Special Moral Theology: On the Sacraments
      • Treatise: On the Sacraments in General
        • First Part: On the Essence of a Sacrament
          • Question One: On the Notion and Signification of the Sacramental Sign
          • Question Two: On the Parts of the Sacramental Sign
            • Article I: On the Matter and Form of the Sacraments
            • Article II: On the Union of Matter and Form
          • Question Three: On the Determination of the Sacramental Sign
            • Article I: On the Cause Determining Matter and Form
            • Article II: On the Change of Matter and Form
        • Second Part: On the Necessity of the Sacraments
          • Only Question: On the Sacraments of Different Times
        • Third Part: On the Effects of the Sacraments
          • Chapter I: On the Principal Effect: Grace
            • Question One: On Grace Caused
              • Article I: On Grace Making One Pleasing Caused by the Sacraments
              • Article II: On Special or Sacramental Grace
              • Article III: On the Unequal Grace of the Sacraments
            • Question Two: On the Mode by Which the Sacraments Cause Grace
              • Article I: On the Causality of the Sacraments Properly So Called and Efficient
              • Article II: On the Instrumental Causality of the Sacraments
              • Article III: On the Causative Power of the Sacraments
              • Article IV: On the Causality of the Sacraments of the Old Law
            • Question Three: On the Time at Which Grace Is Caused by the Sacraments
          • Chapter II: On the Secondary Effect: Character
            • Question One: On the Existence of Character
            • Question Two: On the Essence of Character
            • Question Three: On the Sacraments Which Imprint Character
        • Fourth Part: On the Cause of the Sacraments
          • Question One: On the Instituting Cause
          • Question Two: On the Ministering Cause
            • Article I: On the Various Ministers of the Sacraments
            • Article II: On the Faith and Sanctity Required in the Minister for Licit Ministration
            • Article III: On the Intention Required in the Minister for Valid Ministration
            • Article IV: On Those to Whom the Sacraments Are to Be Ministered
          • Question Three: On the Receiving Cause
            • Article I: On the Conditions Required for Valid Reception
            • Article II: On the Requisites for Licit Reception
        • Fifth Part: On the Number of the Sacraments
          • Question One: On the Septenary Number of the Sacraments
          • Question Two: On the Order of the Sacraments
          • Appendix: On the Ceremonies of the Sacraments and Sacramentals
            • Article I: On the Ceremonies of the Sacraments
            • Article II: On Sacramentals
      • Treatise: On Baptism
        • Question One: On the Sacrament of Baptism Itself
          • Article I: On the Institution of Baptism
          • Article II: On the Matter of Baptism
          • Article III: On the Form of Baptism
        • Question Two: On the Effects of Baptism
        • Question Three: On the Necessity of Baptism
        • Question Four: On the Minister of Baptism
        • Question Five: On the Subject of Baptism
          • Article I: On Adults to Be Baptized
          • Article II: On Children to Be Baptized
          • Article III: On the Children of Non-Catholics to Be Baptized
          • Article IV: On Unborn Children to Be Baptized
          • Article V: On Abortive Fetuses to Be Baptized
          • Article VI: On Monsters to Be Baptized
          • Article VII: On Those to Be Rebaptized Under Condition
        • Appendix: On the Ceremonies of Baptism
      • Treatise: On Confirmation
        • Question One: On the Sacrament of Confirmation Itself
          • Article I: On the Institution of Confirmation
          • Article II: On the Constitutive Parts of Confirmation
        • Question Two: On the Effects of Confirmation
        • Question Three: On the Minister of Confirmation
        • Question Four: On the Subject of Confirmation
        • Appendix: On the Ceremonies of Confirmation
      • Treatise: On the Most Holy Eucharist
        • Section A: On the Sacrament Itself of the Eucharist
          • First Part: On the External Sacrament
            • Question One: On the Sacrament Itself or Sign
              • Article I: On the Existence of the Sacrament of the Eucharist
              • Article II: On the Essence of the Sacrament of the Eucharist
              • Article III: On the Institution of the Eucharist
            • Question Two: On the Matter of the Eucharist
              • Article I: On Matter in General
              • Article II: On Bread in Particular
              • Article III: On Wine in Particular
            • Question Three: On the Form of the Eucharist
              • Article I: On the Form in General
              • Article II: On the Form of the Consecration of Bread
              • Article III: On the Form of the Consecration of Wine
          • Second Part: On the Body and Blood of Christ, Which Are Reality and Sacrament
            • Question One: On the Action by Which Christ Becomes Present
              • Article I: On the Real Presence of Christ
              • Article II: On the Desition and Conversion of Bread and Wine
              • Article III: On the Remaining Accidents
            • Question Two: On the Mode by Which Christ Is Present
            • Question Three: On the Species Under Which Christ Is Present
          • Third Part: On the Effects Which Are the Reality of the Sacrament
            • Question One: On the Effects Themselves of the Sacrament
            • Question Two: On the Use or Reception of the Sacrament for Obtaining Its Effects
              • Article I: On the Dispositions of Soul
              • Article II: On the Dispositions of Body
              • Article III: On the Frequency of Communion
              • Article IV: On the Necessity of Communion
        • Section B: On the Eucharistic Sacrifice
          • First Part: On the Eucharistic Sacrifice Itself
            • Question One: On the Existence of the Sacrifice
            • Question Two: On the Matter of the Sacrifice or the Thing Offered
            • Question Three: On the Form of the Sacrifice
              • Article I: On the Action by Which Christ Is Offered
              • Article II: On the Mode by Which Christ Is Offered
            • Question Four: On the Minister of the Sacrifice
              • Article I: On the Principal Minister
              • Article II: On the Secondary Minister of Celebration
              • Article III: On the Secondary Minister of Distribution
            • Question Five: On the End and Effects of the Sacrifice
              • Article I: On the Various Effects of the Sacrifice
              • Article II: On the Mode in Which the Effects Are Produced
              • Article III: On Those to Whom the Effects Come
              • Article IV: On Those for Whom the Sacrifice Can Be Offered
              • Article V: On the Value of the Sacrifice and the Quantity of Its Effects
          • Second Part: On the Precepts Pertaining to the Sacrifice of the Altar
            • Question One: On the Obligation of Celebrating the Sacrifice
              • Article I: On the Obligation from Priesthood
              • Article II: On the Obligation from Office
              • Article III: On the Obligation from Benefice
              • Article IV: On the Obligation from Stipend
              • Article V: On the Obligation from a Precept of Obedience or Vow
            • Question Two: On the Requisites for Celebration
            • Appendix: On the Rites, Ceremonies, and Other Precepts to Be Observed in the Celebration and Dispensation of the Eucharist
      • Treatise: On Penance
        • Article I: On the Virtue of Penance Itself
        • Article II: On the Object of Penance
        • Article III: On the Distinction of Penance from Other Virtues
        • Article IV: On the Acts of Penance
        • Article V: On the Subject of Penance
        • Article VI: On the Necessity of Penance
        • Article VII: On the Relation between the Virtue and Sacrament of Penance
        • First Part: On the Sacrament of Penance Itself
          • Question One: On the Existence of the Sacrament of Penance
            • Article I: On the Existence of the Power of the Keys
            • Article II: On the Existence of the Sacrament Itself
          • Question Two: On the Constitutive Elements of the Sacrament
            • Article I: On Remote Matter
            • Article II: On Proximate Matter
            • Article III: On the Form
          • Question Three: On the Institution, Necessity, and Iteration of the Sacrament of Penance
        • Second Part: On the Effects of Penance
          • Question One: On the Remission of Mortal Sins
          • Question Two: On the Remission of Venial Sins
          • Question Three: On the Remission of Punishments
          • Question Four: On the Restitution of Virtues and the Reviviscence of Merits
        • Third Part: On the Parts of Penance
          • Chapter I: On Contrition
            • Question One: On the Essence and Object of Contrition
            • Question Two: On the Qualities and Endowments of Contrition
              • Article I: On the Endowments of Contrition Itself
              • Article II: On the Endowments of the Purpose
              • Article III: On Contrition as Ordered to the Sacrament
            • Question Three: On the Division of Contrition
              • Article I: On Perfect Contrition Itself
              • Article II: On Attrition or Imperfect Contrition
            • Question Four: On the Effect of Contrition
          • Chapter II: On Confession
            • Question One: On the Necessity of Confession
              • Article I: On the Necessity of Confession as a Means
              • Article II: On the Necessity of Confession by Precept
            • Question Two: On the Essence of Confession
            • Question Three: On the Endowments of Confession
              • Article I: On the Necessity of Vocal Confession
              • Article II: On the Integrity of Confession
              • Article III: On the Fidelity of Confession
            • Question Four: On the Effect of Confession
          • Chapter III: On Satisfaction
            • Question First: On the Essence and Necessity of Satisfaction
            • Question Second: On the Qualities and Endowments of Satisfaction
              • Article I: On Extrasacramental Satisfaction
              • Article II: On Sacramental Satisfaction
            • Question Three: On the Fulfillment of Satisfaction or On Satisfactory Works
            • Question Four: On the Effect of Satisfaction
        • Fourth Part: On the Minister of Penance
          • Question First: On the Power Itself of the Minister
            • Article I: On the Power of Order
            • Article II: On the Power of Jurisdiction
          • Question Second: On the Granting and Limitation of the Power of the Minister
            • Article I: On Jurisdiction in General, Ordinary or Delegated
            • Article II: On Supplied Jurisdiction
            • Article III: On the Limitation of Jurisdiction with Respect to Persons
            • Article IV: On the Restriction of Jurisdiction with Respect to Reserved Sins
          • Question Three: On the Duties of the Minister in Order to the Use of the Power
            • Article I: On the Duties before the Act of Confession, or on the Endowments of the Confessor
            • Article II: On the Duties in the Act of Confession
            • Article III: On the Duties after the Act of Confession
          • Question Four: On the Abuse of the Power of the Minister
            • Article I: On the Absolution of an Accomplice in a Shameful Sin
            • Article II: On the Solicitation of a Penitent to Shameful Things
        • Fifth Part: On the Subject of Penance
          • Question One: On the Requisites for the Capacity of Valid Reception
            • Article I: On Children, the Insane, and Deaf-Mutes
            • Article II: On the Dying
          • Question Two: On the Requisites for the Disposition of Fruitful Reception
            • Article I: On Customary Sinners and Relapsers
            • Article II: On Occasionaries
          • Appendix: On the Penitential Rite, Indulgences, and Censures
            • Article I: On the Penitential Rite
            • Article II: On Indulgences
            • Article III: On Censures
      • Treatise: On Extreme Unction
        • Question One: On the Sacrament Itself of Extreme Unction
          • Article I: On the Institution of the Sacrament
          • Article II: On the Constitutive Parts
        • Question Two: On the Effects of Extreme Unction
        • Question Three: On the Minister of Extreme Unction
        • Question Four: On the Subject of Extreme Unction
        • Appendix: On the Apostolic Blessing at the Article of Death
      • Treatise: On Order
        • Question One: On the Sacrament of Order Itself
          • Article I: On the Institution of the Sacrament
          • Article II: On the Constitutive Parts of the Sacrament
        • Question Two: On the Effects of Order
        • Question Three: On the Different Orders
        • Question Four: On the Minister of Order
        • Question Five: On the Subject of Order
        • Appendix: On Irregularities and Other Impediments
      • Treatise: On Matrimony
        • First Part: On Matrimony Itself
          • Question One: On Matrimony as It Is in the Office of Nature
            • Article I: On the Origin of Matrimony
            • Article II: On the Precept of Matrimony
            • Article III: On the Honesty of Matrimony
            • Article IV: On the Ends of Matrimony
            • Article V: On the Essence of Matrimony
          • Question Two: On Matrimony as a Sacrament
            • Article I: On the Institution of the Sacrament
            • Article II: On the Essence of the Sacrament and Its Constitutive Parts
            • Article III: On the Minister of the Sacrament
          • Question Three: On the Effects and Goods of Matrimony
          • Question Four: On the Cause of Matrimony, or On Consent
            • Article I: On the Qualities of Consent
            • Article II: On the Vices of Consent
          • Question Five: On the Properties of Matrimony
            • Article I: On the Unity of Matrimony
            • Article II: On the Indissolubility of Matrimony
          • Question Six: On the Governance of Matrimony
        • Second Part: On the Celebration of Matrimony
          • Question One: On Espousals
          • Question Two: On the Preliminaries to Matrimony and on the Proclamations of Banns
          • Question Three: On the Form or Rite of the Celebration of Matrimony
        • Third Part: On the Impediments of Matrimony
          • Question One: On Impediments in General
          • Question Two: On Impeding Impediments
          • Question Three: On Diriment Impediments
            • Article I: On the Impediment of Age
            • Article II: On Impotence
            • Article III: On the Bond or Ligamen
            • Article IV: On Disparity of Worship
            • Article V: On Sacred Order and Solemn Vow
            • Article VI: On Abduction and Crime
            • Article VII: On Kinship, Carnal, Spiritual, and Legal
            • Article VIII: On Affinity and Public Honesty
          • Question Four: On Dispensation from Impediments
          • Question Five: On the Convalidation of Matrimony
            • Article I: On Simple Convalidation
            • Article II: On Sanation in the Root
        • Fourth Part: On the Obligations of Spouses
          • Question One: On the Conjugal Debt
            • Article I: On the Liceity of Conjugal Copula
            • Article II: On the Circumstances of Conjugal Copula
            • Article III: On Accessory Acts Connected with Copula
            • Article IV: On Excess in the Use of Marriage
            • Article V: On Defect in the Use of Marriage
          • Question Two: On the Cohabitation of Spouses
          • Question Three: On Mutual Love and Help
          • Appendix: On Matrimony in Civil Legislation
    • Alphabetical Index of Notable Matters
    • Analytical Index (as printed)

Question — Merkelbach, Summa Theologiae Moralis

Question One: On the Sacrament of Order Itself

Contents

  • Article I: On the Institution of the Sacramentnn. 713–716
  • Article II: On the Constitutive Parts of the Sacramentnn. 717–722

Under the patronage of St. Alphonsus Liguori, Doctor of the Church

Morals of the Church — a library of classic manuals of Catholic moral theology in English.

Texts presented for study and reference. In whatever touches your own conscience, seek out a confessor and the spiritual guidance of a priest — as the manuals themselves counsel: “If a person has time to resolve his hesitation, he should not trust to common sense, but should consult moral theology, if he is competent to understand and apply it, or should have recourse to his confessor, if he is not a theologian” (McHugh–Callan, n. 656).

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