Brief Catalogue Of Authors Who Have Written On Moral Theology

Preliminary Note

Although this catalogue neither is able nor wishes to bring forward all the authors who have written on moral theology, nevertheless it will be of no moderate utility for the readers of our Manual. For very many authors and their works will be cited in order to support the opinions proposed. Now although some proposed opinion does not yet become certainly probable or safe in practice from this reason alone, that five or six authors defend it, nevertheless from this there is generated a strong presumption that such an opinion rests also upon grave intrinsic reasons. Therefore the authority of doctors in moral theology is by no means to be despised. But the authority of all is not the same; for there are some who indulge excessive laxity, others excessive severity.

The purpose of the present catalogue is threefold: 1. a supplement is furnished to those things which below, in the Introduction, chapter 4, will be said concerning the history of moral theology; for there, because brevity requires it, individual authors and individual works cannot be accurately reviewed; 2. a sober judgment is offered to the reader concerning the value of each cited author; 3. the complete titles of works are brought forward, which in the course of our Manual could be cited only in abbreviated fashion.

A

Abelly, Lud. (1604-1691), bishop of Rodez, wrote several works, especially ascetical. He was familiar with St. Vincent de Paul, whose life he also wrote. He is called by St. Alphonsus "a grave author and a classic probabilist." His moral work, Medulla theologica, has been very often edited, also at Regensburg, 1839, 3 volumes in 8vo.

Aegidius de Praesentatione (Fonseca), Portuguese, O.S.A. (1539-1626), wrote very extensive commentaries on the Summa theologiae of St. Thomas, I-II, questions 1-5. Then he wrote two volumes on the voluntary and the involuntary.

Aertnys, Ios., C.Ss.R., Dutch (d. 1918), published several little works and works on moral and pastoral theology, for example De occasionariis et recidivis, De usu matrimonii. His work Theologia moralis iuxta doctrinam S. Alphonsi de Lig., eminent for clarity and brevity, has often been edited after the author's death by C. A. Damen, C.Ss.R., and is highly recommended for the use of schools. Similarly his work Theologia pastoralis has already been edited often.

Alberti, Ios., Italian, Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota, published several treatises on moral and pastoral theology, which join clarity and brevity in friendly fashion, for example Compendium theologiae moralis, Theologia pastoralis, and so forth.

Blessed Albert the Great (d. 1280), German, O.P., bishop of Regensburg, wrote on almost every knowable thing. What he taught in moral theology in his individual works is shown very well by Herm. Lauer, Die Moraltheologie Alberts des Grossen, 8vo, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1911.

Alexander Natalis (1639-1724), French, O.P., a man of sharp intellect, very vast learning, indefatigable labor, and distinguished piety, wrote a very celebrated ecclesiastical history. Another of his principal works is Theologia dogmatica et moralis secundum ordinem Catechismi Tridentini, in which he strenuously attacks Probabilism. He wrote several other works, which are indicated by Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 811 sqq.

St. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori (1696-1787), Doctor of the Church, bishop of St. Agatha of the Goths, founder of the renowned Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, was a most fecund writer. Among his writings the moral works stand out: Theologia moralis, Homo apostolicus, Examen ordinandorum. The critical edition of the work Theologia moralis was prepared in 4 volumes in 4to, Rome 1905-1912, by Leon. Gaude, C.Ss.R. The greatest authority of St. Alphonsus in moral theology is proclaimed not only by all theologians, but also by the Sacred Penitentiary.

Alvarez, Didacus, O.P., Spanish, archbishop of Trani in Apulia (d. 1635), a most illustrious theologian, was summoned to the so-called "Congregation de auxiliis." Besides other works he wrote: De auxiliis divinae gratiae, Disputationes theologicae in primam secundae S. Thomae. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 482.

Amicus, Franc., S.J., Italian (1578-1651), published a work entitled Cursus theologicus, scholasticus et moralis, 9 folio volumes, Antwerp, 1650. He proposed some opinions which were afterward condemned by Alexander VII and Innocent XI. Cf. Hurter, Nomenclator litt. III, 933.

Amort, Eusebius, Canon Regular of the Lateran, German (1692-1775), already before St. Alphonsus taught the system of Aequiprobabilism. He published several moral works; his work Theologia eclectica moralis et scholastica, under the auspices of Benedict XIV, was published at Augsburg in the year 1752, 4 volumes in folio.

Anacletus, see Reiffenstuel.

Angelus de Clavasio, see Carleti.

D'Annibale, Ios., Italian, Cardinal, bishop of Carystus (1815-1892), wrote, besides an excellent Commentary, called the Reatine Commentary, on the bull Apostolicae Sedis, a work entitled Summula theologiae moralis, which is eminent for subtlety and solidity of doctrine, 5th edition, Rome 1908, 3 volumes.

Antoine, Paul Gabr., S.J., French (1679-1743), wrote the works Theologia universa speculativa et dogmatica, Pont-a-Mousson 1723 and often afterward, and Theologia moralis universa. This last work, edited very often with additions, was prescribed by Benedict XIV as a manual for the students of the College de Propaganda Fide. According to St. Alphonsus, Homo apostolicus, tract 16, 108, Antoine is an author of a very rigid opinion.

Antonelli, Ios., Italian, wrote Medicina pastoralis, 3 volumes, Rome 1912, several times edited. It is a useful work in moral questions which touch human physiology.

St. Antoninus, O.P. (1389-1459), archbishop of Florence, wrote among other things: 1. Summa theologica, which was published complete twenty times and according to a part six times. The better, though not more accurate, edition of this work is that which Petrus Ballerini prepared in the year 1740, 4 folio volumes, Verona. 2. Summula confessionis, called the Summa Defecerunt, often edited and translated, 1 volume in 4to, Venice 1538. Among the moralist authors of his time St. Antoninus seems to hold the first place, and it is not established that he favored Probabilism.

Antonius a Spiritu Sancto, Discalced Carmelite, Spanish (d. 1677), bishop of Angola, wrote: 1. Directorium confessariorum, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1668-1671. 2. Consulta varia theologica, iuridica et regularia, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1675. 3. Directorium spirituale, in which he treats of the law of religious, 1 folio volume, Lyons 1661. 4. Directorium mysticum, which is also entitled Cursus theologiae mystico-scholasticae, 2 folio volumes, Seville 1724. A new, rather faulty edition of this work appeared in 2 volumes in 8vo, Paris 1904. Antonius a Spiritu Sancto is sometimes an excessively benign author in moral matters.

Arauxo, Franciscus de, O.P., Spanish, bishop of Segovia, counselor of Philip IV (1580-1664), wrote commentaries on almost all parts of the Theological Summa; nevertheless they are to be read with some caution, since they have been interpolated by another hand. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 610 sq.

Arregui, Ant., S.J., Spanish, wrote in a very clear and concise style Summarium Theol. mor. ad recentem codicem iur. can. accommodatum, Bilbao 1918, a very widely circulated and commendable work, and already often edited.

Arriaga, Rodericus de, S.J., Spanish (1592-1667), wrote Disputationes theol. in Summam S. Thomae, 8 folio volumes, Antwerp 1664 and Lyons 1647-1669. The treatise on law and justice is lacking in his works. For his other works see Hurter, Nomenclator IV, 11 sqq., who says of him: "Arriaga excels in his works by subtlety of intellect, at times perhaps excessive, by sagacity, and by profound speculation."

Aversa, Raphael, Theatine, Italian (1589-1657). He was five times superior general of his order, of which he was a great ornament, endowed with clarity of speech and sharpness of intellect; he published Theologia scholastica universa ad mentem S. Thomae, distributed into six parts and nine volumes, which appeared separately in various places and under various titles within the years 1631-1642.

Azor, Ioannes, S.J., Spanish (d. 1603), published Institutiones morales, 3 folio volumes, Rome 1600, a work very often cited by St. Alphonsus and printed again and again.

Azpilcueta, see Navarrus.

B

Bail, Ludovicus, French (1610-1669), Doctor of the Sorbonne, besides other works published La theologie affective ou St. Thomas en meditation, a useful work for meditation, often edited and translated into other languages. Besides this he composed a work entitled De triplici examine ordinandorum, confessariorum et poenitentium, praemissis monitis de vocatione, 1 volume in 8vo, Paris 1651.

Ballerini, Anton., S.J., Italian (1805-1881), besides several moral little works, wrote learned notes to the compendium of Gury. These notes indeed show singular sagacity of judgment and most wholesomely promoted the solid study of moral theology, but they are sometimes too sharp and rather subtle than true. Therefore they were attacked by a work entitled Vindiciae Alphonsianae, Rome 1873, Brussels 1874, enlarged edition. But Ballerini tries to refute these attacks in the subsequent editions of the Guryan compendium. His posthumous Opus theologicum morale, edited and enlarged by Dom. Palmieri, S.J., surpasses all modern moral works in size and is distinguished by vast learning.

Ballerini, Petrus, Italian (1698-1769), almost always had in his works his own brother Hieronymus (1702-1781) as companion, wherefore these authors are commonly cited as "the Ballerini brothers." They are very fecund authors and excellently meritorious concerning patrology, canon law, moral theology, and apologetics. They republished, and that excellently, several works of the ancient Fathers and theologians, for example the works of St. Leo the Great, St. Zeno bishop of Verona, St. Antoninus, the Summa of St. Raymond of Pennafort, and so forth. They fought strenuously against Probabilism in diverse published little works; by St. Alphonsus they are called "moderate followers of the rigid opinion." Cf. concerning their other works Hurter, Nomenclator V, 106 sqq.

Bancel, Ludov., O.P., French (1628-1685), endowed with great learning, wrote a work entitled Theologia moralis D. Thomae ex omnibus ipsius operibus exacte deprompta, 2 volumes in 4to, Avignon 1677. He proceeds alphabetically, as the ancient Summists did. He also wrote Cursus universae theologiae scholasticae, divided into 7 volumes in 12mo, Avignon 1682 to 1692. Bancel favors Probabilism.

Bannez, Dominicus, O.P., Spanish (1528-1604), wrote commentaria in Sum. theol. S. Thomae, on Part I down to question 64; on Part IIa down to question 78, 3 folio volumes, Salamanca 1584-1594. He favors Probabilism.

Baptista, Ioan. Ildephonsus, O.P., Spanish (d. 1648), by mandate of the General Chapter celebrated at Rome in 1644, published commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas down to question 48, Lyons 1648. Because he favors Probabilism too much, he was strongly attacked by several theologians. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 558.

Baronius, Vincentius, O.P., French (1604-1674), vehemently attacked Tamburini, Caramuel, and other excessively lax authors; but some of his works, among which is also his Theologiae moralis summa bipartita, were proscribed by the Holy Office on 15 June 1672 and are still listed in the Index of Prohibited Books.

Bartholomaeus a S. Fausto, O.Cist., Sicilian (1571-1636), of whom there exist: 1. Theologia moralis, 3 folio volumes. 2. Speculum confessariorum et poenitentium, in 4to, Lyons 1621. 3. De Eucharistiae sacramento, Naples 1635. 4. De horis canonicis, Naples 1634.

Bartholomaeus de Pisa, or de Sancto Concordio, O.P., Italian (d. 1347), wrote a very well-known summa of cases, which is called Pisanella, Bartholomaea, Magistruccia, and which imitates the Summa confessorum of Ioannes Friburgensis, O.P.

Bassaeus, Eligius, O.Cap., Belgian (1585-1670), wrote Flores totius theologiae practicae, 2 folio volumes, Venice 1666. He is not rarely cited by St. Alphonsus.

Bauny, Stephanus, S.J., French (1564-1649), an excessively benign author, wrote several moral works in either the French or the Latin language, some of which were placed on the Index and which are attacked more than is just by Pascal.

Becanus, Martinus, S.J., Belgian (1561-1624), whose works excel in clarity and brevity. The author published about 50 little works, chiefly for defending the Catholic faith and the Church. For moral theology, the Tractatus de iure et iustitia and the Tractatus de sacramentis are useful.

Beccaria, Antonius, O.P., bishop of Scutari in Dalmatia (d. 1543), besides several other works wrote Commentaria in secundam partem Summae theologicae; likewise Declarationes quorundam casuum conscientiae. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 120.

St. Bellarmine, Robertus, S.J., Italian, archbishop of Capua and Cardinal (1542-1621). His works are chiefly polemical and most excellently attack the errors of the Protestants. Moreover he published distinguished little works on asceticism. For moral theology his Tractatus de sacramentis in genere et in specie are useful.

Benedict XIV, formerly Prosper Cardinal de Lambertini (1675-1758), published several works outstanding for solidity of doctrine, especially in canon law. In his truly golden work De synodo dioecesana he also touches several questions pertaining to moral theology, and likewise in the work De sacrificio Missae.

Benger, Michael, C.Ss.R., German (1823-1870), wrote a work entitled Pastoraltheologie, Regensburg 1858-1863, 3 volumes, a useful, practical, copious work, though the manner of discussion is perhaps less pleasant and polished. Cf. Hurter, Nomenclator V, 1804.

Berardi, Aemilius, Italian, published several works on moral theology, among which his Praxis confessariorum seu moralis theologia theoretico-practica, 4 or 5 volumes, often edited at Faenza, stands out. Besides this he published little works De sollicitatione et absolutione complicis, De recidivis et occasionariis, Theologia pastoralis, and so forth. The author sometimes seems to proceed in a manner too casuistic and perhaps also too benign.

Beringer, Franc., S.J., German (d. 1909), wrote a most useful work, approved by the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and afterward by the Holy Office, entitled Die Ablasse, ihr Wesen und Gebrauch; the 15th edition, Paderborn 1921, was prepared by Pet. Steinen, S.J.

Besombes, Iac., French, of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine, wrote Moralis christiana ex Scriptura Sacra, Traditione, Conciliis, Patribus et insignioribus theologis excerpta. The better edition appeared at Venice, 1764, 2 volumes in 4to. Besombes is a rigid author, and his work seems to have exercised some influence upon St. Alphonsus, who nevertheless never seems to cite it.

Billot, Ludovicus, S.J., wrote subtle dissertations on almost all theology. For moral theology, his three treatises are most worthy of mention, namely De sacramentis, De natura et ratione peccati personalis sive Introductio ad tractatum de poenitentia, and De virtutibus infusis.

Billuart, Carolus Renatus, O.P., Belgian (1685-1757), perhaps the chief man of his age in universal theology. In moral theology, according to Gury, he is a moderate Probabiliorist, to be counted among the most approved theologians for clarity, doctrine, solidity, and learning; he wrote Summa S. Thomae hodiernis academiarum moribus accommodata. This work has often been edited down to our own days.

Bishop, Ioel, wrote New Commentaries on Marriage, Divorce, and Separation, Chicago 1891, and Commentaries on the Law of Contracts, 2nd edition by Marion C. Early, Chicago 1907, works useful for North American law.

Blanchis, Paulus, O.P., Italian (d. 1622), collected cases of conscience in a work entitled Disceptationes de difficilioribus materiis casuum et dubiorum occurrentium in conscientia: de poenitentia, de negotiatione, de bello publico et privato, 1 folio volume, Venice 1622 and again there 1630.

Bonacina, Martinus, Italian, bishop of Utica (d. 1631), wrote several works on moral theology which appeared very often. His treatise De horis canonicis is worthy of special mention.

St. Bonaventure, O.Min., Italian, Seraphic Doctor, Cardinal and bishop of Albano (1221-1274), wrote excellently on moral matters in his Commentaries on the Sentences and in many little works.

Bordonus, Franc., Italian, prefect general of the Tertiaries of the Order of St. Francis (d. 1671), wrote several works on moral theology and on the law of religious; his Opera omnia iuridico-regularia et moralia appeared in 7 folio volumes, Lyons 1665. He was a most keen defender of Probabilism.

Bosco, Ioannes, O.Min., Belgian (1613-1684), holds an eminent place among Scotists; he wrote Theologia sacramentalis ... ad mentem Doctoris subtilis Ioannis Duns Scoti, 5 folio volumes, Louvain 1665-1678. A sixth posthumous volume was published at Antwerp, 1685.

Bossius, Ioann. Angelus, Barnabite, superior general, Italian (1590-1665), treated most fully De matrimonii contractu, 5 or 6 folio volumes. He also wrote a work entitled Moralia varia, whose third part, namely on scrupulous conscience, separately edited, was placed on the Index on 4 December 1674, "until it is corrected."

Bouquillon, Thom. Ios., Belgian (1840-1902), professor of moral theology at Bruges, Lille, and finally in the University of Washington, wrote excellently De theologia morali fundamentali, 2nd edition, Bruges 1890. Likewise he wrote De virtutibus theologicis, 2nd edition, 1900, and De virtute religionis, 1880.

Brancatius, Laurentius de Lauria, Lauria being a town of Lucania, O.Min.Conv., Italian, Cardinal (1612-1693), wrote Commentaria in III et IV libr. Sententiarum Ioannis Duns Scoti, 8 folio volumes, Rome 1653 to 1682. He was a man distinguished both for knowledge and for piety. Cf. Hurter, Nomenclator IV, 351.

Brocardus a S. Nicolao, Carmelite, German, of the seventeenth century, besides other things wrote several very commendable works on moral theology, for example Theologia mor. fundamentalis, De conscientia, Alphabetum morale, and so forth. Certain of his treatises were reprinted by Migne, Curs. theol. XI, 655 sqq.

Bucceroni, Ianuar., S.J., Italian (1841-1918), professor in the Roman Gregorian University, published several works on moral theology, for example Institutiones theologiae moralis, 6th edition, 4 volumes, 1913 sqq.; commentaries on reserved cases, on censures, on the constitution Apostolicae Sedis, on the constitution Sacramentum poenitentiae, on absolution to be given, deferred, or denied. As to intellect and manner of writing he is sufficiently similar to Antonius Ballerini, S.J.

Busembaum, Herman., S.J., German (1600-1668), wrote the very celebrated work whose title is Medulla theologiae moralis, and which obtained both innumerable editions and illustrious commentators, among whom are Lacroix, St. Alphonsus, and Ant. Ballerini.

C

Cabassutius, Ioan., of the Congregation of the Oratory, French (1604-1685), a man of the greatest learning and piety. He was highly regarded by St. Alphonsus in moral theology; he wrote the work entitled Theoria et praxis iuris canonici ad forum tam sacramentale quam contentiosum, often edited.

Cabrera, Petrus de, Order of St. Jerome, Spanish (fl. 1602), wrote commentaries and disputations on diverse parts of the Theological Summa of St. Thomas, especially on the sacraments in general.

Cagnazzo, Ioan., O.P., see Tabiena.

Caietanus, see de Vio.

Camargo, Ign., S.J., Spanish (1650-1722), most sharply attacked Probabilism in the work entitled Regula honestatis moralis, Naples 1702, 1 folio volume.

Candidus, Vinc., O.P., Italian, Master of the Sacred Palace (1573-1654), wrote Illustriores disquisitiones morales, 4 folio volumes, 1637-1643. According to Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 580, Candidus sometimes supports the laxer opinions.

Canus, Melchior, O.P., Spanish, bishop of the Canary Islands (1509-1560), besides the very well-known work De locis theologicis, published Relectiones de sacramentis in genere et de poenitentia. His commentaries on the Summa theologiae of St. Thomas were not printed, but are contained partially in Vatican Library codex 4648. Canus is a very acute author, but he sometimes defends opinions altogether singular or even false.

Cappello, Felix, S.J., Italian, wrote, among other things, Tractatus canonico-morales de sacramentis, 3 volumes, and de censuris. He is an author of great learning and perspicacity.

Capreolus, Ioan., O.P., French (d. 1444), who by reason of honor is called "prince of the Thomists," wrote distinguished commentaries on the books of the Sentences, which in these last years have been neatly edited again.

Caramuel (de Lobkowitz), Ioan., O.Cist. (1606-1682), born at Madrid of a German father and a Bohemian mother, bishop of Campagna and then of Vigevano, a man of truly wonderful intellect, wrote 77 folio volumes. In moral matters he was, not without merit, called by St. Alphonsus "the prince of the laxists." His principal work pertaining to moral theology is Theologia moralis fundamentalis. The different editions differ greatly among themselves. We have used the Roman edition of the year 1656. It is a work written with a flying pen, and in some parts is a rough and undigested mass, lacking every logical order.

Cardenas, Ioan. de, S.J., Spanish (1613-1684), his principal work is Crisis theologica sive disputationes selectae ex morali theologia, in folio, Lyons 1670, and several times edited afterward. This work is called Crisis theologica because it contains a judgment concerning several opinions and questions proposed by Caramuel.

Carleti, Angelus (de Clavasio), O.Min., Italian (d. 1493), wrote the celebrated Summa of cases of conscience, arranged in alphabetical order and often edited, which is commonly called Summa angelica. It was called by Luther a summa more than diabolical and was publicly burned. It rests upon the Summa pisana.

St. Charles Borromeo, Cardinal and archbishop of Milan (1538-1584). Among his works the Instructiones pro confessariis and Instructiones pastorum are very useful.

Carratinus, Thomas, O.P., Italian (fl. 1743), wrote against Concina a book entitled Vita claustralis ... praesertim de voto paupertatis, Verona 1743.

Carriere, Ios., French, of the Congregation of St. Sulpice (1795-1864), wrote lectures de matrimonio, 2 volumes, de iustitia et iure, 3 volumes, de contractibus, 3 volumes, which are sufficiently learned and which he afterward reduced into a compendium for the use of schools.

Castro, Alphons., O.Min., Spanish (d. 1558), wrote several works, among which, for moral theology, the Tractatus de potestate legis poenalis is of some importance. All his works together were published at Paris, 1771-1778.

Castropalaus, Ferd., S.J., Spanish (1581-1633), clearly and learnedly treats universal moral theology in the work entitled Opus morale, 7 folio volumes, Lyons 1631 and often afterward.

Catechismus Romanus, published by command of the Council of Trent and perfected by Leonardus de Marinis, O.P., Aegidius Fuscararius, O.P., Franciscus Forerius, O.P., and Mutius Calini, is of the greatest authority for all theology. It is divided into four parts, but the subdivision of these parts is not the same in all editions. We have used the edition prepared by Adolphus Buse, 1867.

Catharinus, Ambrosius, O.P., Italian (1487-1553), was a man of singular intellect, but also, not only once, of singular and false opinions; he wrote several works, of which those which treat of the sacraments and notably De intentione ministri sacramentorum pertain to moral theology.

Cathrein, Victor, S.J., Swiss, wrote learnedly and neatly several works, among which the often edited books Moralphilosophie, 2 volumes, and Philosophia moralis are worthy of special mention.

Chokier, Erasmus, Belgian (1569-1625), advocate, distinguished for probity of morals and learning, wrote among other things De iurisdictione Ordinarii in exemptos, Cologne 1620, in 4to.

de Clavasio, see Carleti.

Clericatus, Ioan., of the Congregation of the Oratory, Italian (1633-1717), wrote Decisiones sacramentales..., Venice 1727, 9 volumes in 4to.

Collectanea de Propaganda Fide, Rome 1907, 2 volumes in 4to. This collection of decrees issued by diverse Roman Congregations is not indeed authentic, but nevertheless is most useful for practical use.

Collet, Petrus, of the Congregation of the Mission, French (1693-1770), wrote several things, among which are Institutiones theologicae, 2 volumes in 4to, and Continuatio praelectionum theolog. H. Tournely. By St. Alphonsus he is often called "the continuator of Tournely." He is a rigid author.

Comitolus, Paulus, S.J., Italian (1544-1626), among other things wrote Responsa moralia in septem libros digesta. He attacked Probabilism, whence he is called by Ballerini "a man of anomalous intellect and of zeal inclined toward stricter things." Cf. Hurter, Nomenclator III, 888.

Concina, Daniel, O.P., Italian (1687-1756), a most keen attacker of Probabilism and author of many books pertaining to theology, among which stands out Theologia christiana dogmatico-moralis, 12 volumes in 4to, Venice 1740-1751. A good enlarged edition of this work appeared at Rome in 1773. There several things were added, namely Apparatus ad Theologiam christianam, on theological places, on conscience, on the history of Probabilism, the life of the author, and a list of all his works. St. Alphonsus, Theol. mor. book 3, no. 547, says of Concina: "the learned Rev. Fr. Concina himself, although a famous supporter of rigid opinions, in his most learned work of dogmatic-moral Theology instructs me that things are not to be imposed upon men under grave fault unless evident reason persuades it." Concina in controversies with his adversaries sometimes exceeds the limits of mildness and equity, but he was highly regarded by Benedict XIV and does not deserve the contempt shown to him by several modern authors. His works truly can be consulted with great fruit.

Confettius, Ioan. Bapt., Italian (fl. 1596), compiled Collectio privilegiorum Ordinum FF. Mendicantium et non Mendicantium, Florence 1598.

Coninck, Aegid., S.J., Belgian (1571-1633). His works pertaining to moral theology are: 1. Commentarii ... in universam doctrinam D. Thomae de sacramentis et censuris, 1 folio volume, 2 tomes, Antwerp 1616, and several times afterward. 2. De moralitate, natura et effectibus actuum supernaturalium in genere, et fide, spe ac caritate speciatim, 1 folio volume, Antwerp 1623. 3. Responsio ad dissertationem impugnantem absolutionem moribundi sensibus destituti, Antwerp 1625.

Contenson, Vinc., O.P., French (1641-1674), wrote the work entitled Theologia mentis et cordis, often edited. The last edition appeared in 4 volumes in 4to, Paris 1875. Contenson indeed has a most acute intellect, but sometimes in moral theology he inclines too much into rigid opinions.

Corduba, Antonius de, O.Min., Spanish (d. 1578), wrote several works on moral theology, for example Quaestionarium theologicum, 1 folio volume, Venice 1604, and Tratado de casos de conciencia, 1578.

Corradus, Ioan. Bapt., O.P., Italian (d. 1606), especially cultivated Casuistry, writing Responsio ad cuiuscumque paene generis casus conscientiae and Quaesita 400 pro examinandis qui ad animarum curam vel confessiones audiendas promovendi sunt. Both works were edited several times, for example Perugia 1596, Venice 1607.

Corradus, Pyrrhus, Italian (d. ca. 1656), wrote De praxi dispensationum apostolicarum and De praxi beneficiaria, works often edited and worthy of mention.

Costantini, Victor, Italian, wrote clearly and briefly Institutiones Theologiae moralis, 3 volumes in 8vo, often edited.

Covarruvias, Did., Spanish, bishop of Segovia (1512-1577), a very celebrated jurist often cited by St. Alphonsus. All his works were edited again and again and can be consulted with utility, especially in the treatise on justice.

Cuniliati, Fulgentius, O.P., Italian (1685-1759), wrote several works on asceticism and hagiography. His Universae theologiae moralis accurata complexio, which already down to the year 1786, that is, twenty years after the first edition, had been edited twelve times, consists of 2 volumes in 4to; he proceeded in almost the same manner as Gury did afterward.

Curiel, Ioan. Alph., Spanish (d. 1609), a great ornament of the University of Salamanca, wrote Lecturas seu Quaestiones in D. Thomae Aquin. primam secundae, in folio, Douai 1618.

D

Damen, see Aertnys.

De Becker, Belgian, professor in the University of Louvain, wrote the distinguished treatise De sponsalibus et matrimonio, 2nd edition, Louvain 1903.

De Cocq, Florentius, O.Praem., Belgian (d. 1683), briefly collected Principia theologiae moralis et speculativae, Cologne 1682, 3 volumes in 8vo. Likewise he wrote De iure, iustitia et annexis tractatus quattuor ... maxime iuri Belgico accommodatos, in 4to, Brussels 1687.

Decreta authentica S. Rituum Congregationis. This collection contains all the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites issued down to the year 1926, distinguished by successive numbers.

Decreta authentica S. Congregationis Indulgentiarum. Rome 1883.

De la Cruz, Ioan., O.P., Spanish (d. 1624), wrote De statu religionis et de privilegiis Regularium, Madrid 1613 and edited several times afterward; it is a small volume in 8vo. Likewise he published Directorium conscientiae divided into two parts, namely 1. on the precepts of the Decalogue; 2. on the sacraments, Madrid 1624 and several times afterward. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 433.

Delama, Dion. (d. 1896), Austrian, published Institutiones theologiae mor., Trent 1895, and Tractatus de iustitia et iure praecipue Austriaco, 3rd edition, Trent 1889.

Delbene, Thom., Cleric Regular Theatine, Italian (d. 1673), wrote, among other things, Tractatus morales, on conscience, on the roots of restitution, on oath, and so forth.

De Smet, Alois., Belgian, professor at Bruges, wrote excellently De sponsalibus et matrimonio, 4th edition, Bruges 1907; De casibus reservatis, Bruges 1914; and on the Sacraments.

Diana, Antonin., Cleric Regular Theatine, Sicilian (1585-1663), according to St. Alphonsus, Theol. mor. book 6, no. 257, "in choosing opinions for the most part inclines to the benign side and not rarely inclines more than is fitting"; he published Resolutiones morales, 12 folio volumes. This work, composed without clear order, was arranged in better order by Martinus de Alcolea, O.Cart., 10 folio volumes, Venice 1698. We have used only this edition.

Dicastillus, Ioan., S.J., Spanish (1585-1653), wrote several things on moral theology, for example De iustitia et iure ceterisque virtutibus cardinalibus, in folio, Antwerp 1641; De sacramentis, 3 folio volumes, there, 1646 sqq.; De iuramento, periurio et adiuratione, necnon de censuris et poenis ecclesiasticis, there, 1662.

Dionysius Carthusianus de Rickel, Belgian (1402-1471), was hailed as the "Ecstatic Doctor." He left almost innumerable works and little works, which in our times are being edited again at Montreuil, 48 volumes in 4to. His commentaries on the books of the Sentences, against the vices of superstition, against avarice, ambition, and so forth, partly pertain to moral theology.

Donatus, Hyacinthus, O.P., Italian (d. 1661), a man most experienced in cases of conscience and a distinguished preacher, wrote a very good work both for Moral Theology and for canon law, entitled Rerum regularium praxis resolutoria, 4 folio volumes, Naples 1652 and Cologne 1675.

Drouven (Drouin), Renatus Hyacinthus, O.P., French (d. 1742), wrote a very learned work, but one containing some less correct opinions, De re sacramentaria libri 10, 2 folio volumes, Venice 1737. It appeared again at Venice in 1756, enlarged with the notes of Patuzzi, and at Paris enlarged with the notes of L. Richard. Several of the moderns copied Drouven, yet without mentioning him.

Du Hamel, Ioan. Bapt., French (1623-1706), among other things wrote in a neat and elegant style a work entitled Theologia speculatrix et practica. He follows almost the order of the Summa of St. Thomas.

Durandus de S. Porciano, O.P., French, Master of the Sacred Palace, bishop of Meaux (d. 1334), called the "Most Resolute Doctor," wrote, besides other things, Commentaries on the books of the Sentences. He is indeed of acute intellect, but also a supporter of singular and more or less false opinions.

Duval, Andreas, French (1564-1638), wrote, besides other things, Commentaries on the Prima Secundae, 2 folio volumes, Paris 1636.

E

Ehrentreich, Adam, S.J., German (d. 1708), wrote several little works for attacking pure Probabilism, for example Principia et conclusiones ... de usu probabilis opinionis, 6th edition, Rome 1699.

Elbel, Beniamin, O.Min., German (1690-1756), is deservedly numbered among the foremost writers on moral theology, although he seems sometimes to decline too much toward Casuistry. He wrote, by way of conferences, Theologia decalogalis et sacramentalis, which Iren. Bierbaum, O.Min., edited again neatly, 1891 sqq., 3rd edition 1903.

Elizalde, Michael, S.J., Spanish (1616-1678), wrote under the anagrammatic name Anton. Cellades the work entitled De recta doctrina morum, which after his death appeared enlarged at Fribourg, 1684. Elizalde strenuously attacked Probabilism. Cf. Dollinger-Reusch, Geschichte der Moralstreitigkeiten, 51 ff.

Engel, Ludov., O.S.B., Austrian (d. 1674), wrote especially on canon law. His very often edited work Manuale parochorum pertains to moral theology.

Escobar y Mendoza, Ant., S.J., Spanish (1589-1669), wrote: 1. Universae theologiae moralis ... disquisitiones, 7 folio volumes, Lyons 1652-1663. 2. Liber theologiae moralis 24 S. J. doctoribus reseratus, very often edited. It is known to everyone how vehemently and unjustly Pascal attacked this author in the Lettres provinciales.

Esparza, Mart., S.J., Spanish (1606-1689). His principal work is Cursus theologicus, according to the order of the Summa of St. Thomas, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1666. In the following editions there were added treatises on the theological and moral virtues and on the lawful use of probable opinion.

Estius (Hesselo van Est), Guilelmus, Belgian (1542-1613), wrote, besides very well-known commentaries on all the epistles of St. Paul and the seven catholic epistles of the apostles, also Commentaries on the four books of the Sentences, 2 folio volumes, Douai 1615, and often edited afterward.

Eymericus, Nicol., O.P., Spanish (d. 1399), a man most celebrated in his age, who, as Quetif and Echard enumerate, Scriptores Ord. Praed. I, 709 sqq., published 36 works. His Directorium inquisitorum, 1 folio volume, Rome 1587, pertains in some way to moral theology.

F

Fagnanus, Prosper, Italian (1587-1678), was made blind in the 44th year of his age, wherefore he was called "the most keen-sighted blind doctor"; he wrote a truly classic commentary on the Decretals of Gregory IX. He also wrote a little work De opinione probabili. In general he defends rigid opinions; wherefore he is called by St. Alphonsus, Theol. mor. book 3, no. 669, "the great prince of the rigorists."

Fagundez, Stephan., S.J., Portuguese (1577-1645), wrote: 1. In 10 praecepta Decalogi, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1640; 2. In 5 praecepta Ecclesiae, in folio, there, 1626; 3. De iustitia et contractibus, in folio, there, 1641.

Feije, Henr., Belgian, professor at Louvain (1820-1894), among other things wrote the excellent work De impedimentis et dispensationibus matrimonialibus, Louvain 1867, 4th edition 1893.

Ferraris, Lucius, O.Min., Italian (d. ca. 1760), wrote the most useful work known to everyone, Prompta bibliotheca canonica, iuridica moralis, theologica.... The edition prepared by Migne, 1860, is the best. Bucceroni published a supplement to this work in the year 1899.

Ferreres, I. B., S.J., Spanish, enlarged the works of Gury, Compendium theol. mor. and Casus conscientiae, with very good additions. Besides this he published several moral and canonical works, which are excellent and very useful, notably for peoples who use the Spanish and Portuguese languages.

Filliucci, Vinc., S.J., Italian (1566-1622), wrote Quaestiones morales, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1622 and often edited afterward.

St. Francis de Sales, French, bishop of Geneva, Doctor of the Church (1567-1622), in his ascetical works handed down most useful things for the practice of confessors.

Franzoja, Angelus, Italian (d. 1760), wrote: Theologia morum ab H. Busenbaum primum tradita, tum a cl. Lacroix et Fr. Ant. Zaccaria eiusdem sociis aucta, nunc demum iuxta saniores et praesertim D. Thomae Aq. doctrinam ad trutinam revocata, Bologna 1760. The author is very rigid.

Frassen, Claudius, O.Min., French (1620-1711), a distinguished Scotist, besides other things wrote the famous work Scotus academicus, seu universa Doctoris subtilis theologica dogmata, 4 folio volumes, Paris 1672-1677. Still in 1900 sqq. a new edition of this work was made at Rome, consisting of 12 volumes in 8vo.

Friburgo, de, Ioannes, see Ioannes.

Frins, Vict., S.J., German (1840-1912), wrote extensively De actibus humanis, 3 volumes in 8vo, Freiburg im Breisgau 1897 sq.

Fumus, Barthol., O.P., Italian (d. 1545), wrote Summa theologiae moralis, which is called Aurea armilla and has often been edited, for example Venice 1596. It treats moral matters in alphabetical order.

G

Garcia, Franc., O.P., Spanish (d. 1583), wrote Tratado utilisimo de todos los contratos, cuantos en los negocios humanos se pueden ofrecer, 2 volumes in 8vo, Valencia 1583. This work was translated into the Italian language. Garcia also labored much to correct the text of the Summa of St. Thomas, but not always with a happy outcome. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 267.

Gasparri, Petr., Italian, Cardinal, wrote several truly distinguished works: De matrimonio, 2 volumes in 8vo, 2nd edition 1904; De eucharistia, 2 volumes in 8vo, 1897; De s. ordinatione, 2 volumes in 8vo, 1893.

Gatticus, Ioan. Bapt., Canon Regular of the Lateran, Italian (1704-1754), wrote a learned and erudite work, De oratoriis domesticis et de usu altaris portatilis, in folio, Rome 1746.

Gaume, Ios., French (1802-1879), excellently gathered salutary counsels for confessors in the work entitled Manuel des confesseurs, 10th edition, 1872.

Gavanti, Barth., Barnabite, Italian (1569-1638), a distinguished and very well-known liturgical author, whose Thesaurus sacrorum rituum has often been edited.

Genicot, Eduard., S.J., Belgian (1856-1900), published Theologiae moralis institutiones, composed in a clear and succinct order; the 6th edition, 1909, was prepared by J. Salsmans. Likewise he published Casus conscientiae, in which, however, he not rarely shows himself too benign.

Gennari, Casim., Cardinal, Italian (1839-1914), wrote Consultazioni morali-canoniche-liturgiche, 1 volume, Rome 1902; Consultazioni canoniche-liturgiche, 1 volume; Breve commento della nuova legge sugli Sponsali e sul Matrimonio, and several other very commendable works and little works.

Gerson (Charlier), Ioan., chancellor of Paris (1363-1429), all his works were edited several times; the best of all seems to be the edition prepared by Du Pin, 5 folio volumes, Antwerp 1706. He wrote very useful things on mystical theology, but in other matters sometimes defends false opinions.

Gerster, Fr. Thomas Villanova, O.Cap., German, besides many other things wrote Katholische Sittenlehre, 3rd edition, 1927, a short but clear work and very useful for practice.

Gobat, Georg., S.J., Swiss (1600-1679), wrote several moral little works, in which even some condemned propositions are found. All the moral works of this author were published at Munich, 1681, 3 tomes in 2 folio volumes, and often afterward. Gobat is a pure Casuist and his works today are of little practical utility. Cf. Theol. Zeitschr., Innsbruck 1915.

Goepfert, Adam Franc., German, professor at Wurzburg (1849-1913), published a treatise on oath, Der Eid, Mainz 1883; then the work begun by I. B. Renninger, Pastoraltheologie, 1893; and finally the work entitled Moraltheologie. The eighth edition, 1920, was prepared by Carolus Staab. He is a clear author, using a simple style, lucid order, and solid doctrine.

Gonet, Ioan. Bapt., O.P., French (1616-1681), most sharply attacked Probabilism. His principal work is Clypeus theologiae thomisticae, 5 folio volumes, Cologne 1671. Several editions of this work exist.

Gonzalez, Thyrsus, S.J., Spanish (1624-1705), was superior general of the Society of Jesus; he tried to introduce Probabiliorism into the whole Society of Jesus. He wrote, besides other things: 1. Fundamentum theologiae moralis, id est tractatus de recto usu opinionum probabilium, Rome 1694; 2. Selectae disputationes ex universa theologia scholastica, Salamanca 1680-1686, 4 folio volumes. In the controversies concerning Probabilism the right manner of charity, and even of justice, was not rarely injured by several authors.

Gotti, Vinc., O.P., Italian, Cardinal and patriarch of Jerusalem (1664-1742), wrote, besides apologetic works, Theologia scholastico-dogmatica iuxta mentem D. Thomae Aq., 16 volumes in 4to, Bologna 1725-1735. This work, which shines with clarity, solidity, and polish, was edited several times afterward.

Gousset, Theod., French, Cardinal and archbishop of Rheims (1792-1866), wrote the very well-known and often edited work Theologie morale a l'usage des cures et des confesseurs, Paris 1845.

Graffius, Iac., titular abbot of Monte Cassino, Italian (1548-1620), composed several very useful casuistic moral works, for example Decisiones aureae casuum conscientiae, 3 volumes in 4to, Venice 1609; De arbitrariis confessariorum, in 4to, Naples 1613.

Granada, Ludovicus de, O.P., Spanish (d. 1588), conspicuous both for holiness of life and breadth of doctrine. His works have been edited very often. That edition which was made by Iustus Cuervo, O.P., 14 volumes in 4to, Madrid 1906, surpasses the others. For moral theology those things which he wrote on virtues and vices are of great importance.

Grossi, Phil., O.P., Italian (d. 1704), wrote Tractatus in universam theologiam moralem secundum doctrinam Angelici Praeceptoris, S. Thomae Aq., 4 folio volumes, Modena 1694.

Gury, Ioan. Petr., S.J., French (1801-1866). Perhaps there do not exist moral works in the nineteenth century so widely circulated as the Compendium theologiae moralis and Casus conscientiae, written by Gury in a clear and succinct manner.

H

Habert, Ludov., French (1635-1718), wrote Theologia dogmatica et moralis, 7 volumes in 12mo, Lyons 1709. This work indeed is not altogether immune from the Jansenist stain.

Haine, I. F., Belgian (1815-1900), besides other things wrote a clear and solid work, Theologiae moralis elementa ex S. Thoma aliisque probatis auctoribus, Louvain 1881, 4 volumes in 8vo. After his death, I. Bund, C.Ss.C., prepared the fifth edition in 1906. Haine is a benign author and sincerely tries to attain the mind of St. Thomas.

Halensis, Alexander, O.Min. (d. 1245), surnamed the Irrefragable Doctor, is a great ornament of the Order of Minors. The critical edition of his Commentaries on the books of the Sentences has been begun.

Henno, Franc., O.Min., Belgian (ca. 1713), wrote Theologia dogmatica et scholastica, a work edited several times, for example 2 folio volumes, Cologne 1718. He is a sufficiently subtle Scotist and in several matters a vehement adversary of the Thomists. He is attacked more than once by Billuart.

Henricus a S. Ignatio, Carmelite, Belgian (1631-1720), wrote a rather well-known work entitled Ethica amoris, which was condemned by the Holy Office on 21 August 1714, because it does not sufficiently guard against the errors of Baius and Jansenius.

Henriquez, Henricus, S.J., Spanish (1536-1608), wrote Summa theologiae moralis, Salamanca 1591 and often afterward. He is very often cited by St. Alphonsus.

Herinckx, Guilelmus, O.Min., Belgian, bishop of Ypres (d. 1678), wrote Summa theologiae scholasticae et moralis ad mentem Scoti, 4 folio volumes, Antwerp 1660. It contains some condemned propositions, which were retracted by his confrere van Goorlaeken in the edition prepared in 1702-1704.

Hilarius a Sexten, O.Cap., Austrian (d. 1900), composed several moral works in a clear style, for example Compendium theologiae mor., 2 volumes in 8vo, Meran 1889; Tractatus pastoralis de sacramentis, there, 1895; De censuris, Mainz 1898.

Hollweck, Ios., professor at Eichstatt, wrote or edited very commendable works, filled with learning: Die kirchl. Strafgesetze, Mainz 1899; Das kirchl. Bucherverbot, 2nd edition, 1897; Hergenrother, Lehrbuch des kathol. Kirchenrechts, 1905.

Holzmann, Apollonius, O.Min., German (d. 1748), wrote Theologia moralis, 2 folio volumes, Kempten 1737-1742, a useful work both because of clarity of doctrine and because of the added practical cases.

Hurtado, Gaspar., S.J., Spanish (1575-1646), wrote several things on moral theology, for example De fide, spe et caritate, De iustitia et iure, De sacramentis et censuris, and so forth, Madrid 1632 sqq.

I

Ildephonsus, Ioan. Bapt., O.P., see Baptista.

Illsung, Iac., S.J., German (d. 1695), published a work inscribed Arbor scientiae boni et mali, sive Theologia practica universa de bono et malo morali, in folio, Dillingen 1693.

Ioannes Rumsik, Lector de Friburgo, O.P., German (d. 1314), devoted his whole life to practical moral theology and published several works on this matter, among which his Summa confessorum stands out; it is the foundation of almost all similar works afterward published by other theologians. It first appeared at Reutlingen 1487, in folio, and afterward very often. For other works of Ioannes de Friburgo see Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. I, 523 sqq.

Ioannes a S. Thoma, O.P., Spanish (1589-1644), stands out among the commentators of St. Thomas; he teaches moderate Probabilism. His works Cursus philosophicus and Cursus theologicus, edited several times, the last edition Paris 1867 and 1888, are most worthy of recommendation.

Jone, Heribert, Capuchin, German, wrote among other things Kathol. Moraltheologie, Paderborn 1930, a work indeed brief, but excellent for clarity, solid doctrine, and practical utility.

Juenin, Gaspar, of the Congregation of the Oratory, French (1640-1713), is a rigid author. His Institutiones theologicae, proscribed by the Holy Office on 22 May 1708, are still found in the Index of Prohibited Books.

K

Kazenberger, Kilian, O.Min., German (d. 1750), continuator of the Moral Theology edited both by Sporer and by Sargar.

Kenrick, Patric., archbishop of Baltimore (1797-1863), wrote, besides other things, Theologia moralis, 2 volumes in 8vo, Mainz 1860, very practical.

Koch, Ant., professor at Tubingen, German, wrote Lehrbuch der Moraltheologie, Freiburg im Breisgau 1905 and afterward several times edited. It is a work avoiding the rocks of Casuistry, giving solid and clear doctrine.

Konings, A., C.Ss.R., Belgian (d. 1884), reduced the theology of St. Alphonsus into a compendium, 5th edition, New York 1882, a useful work especially for America. He also arranged a Commentarium in facultates apostolicas ad usum ven. cleri Americani, whose enlarged third edition was prepared by his confrere Ios. Putzer, in 8vo, Ilchester 1893, a work likewise very useful especially for America.

Kugler, Ioan., S.J., Bohemian (1654-1721). His principal work is Tractatus theologico-canonicus de matrimonio, several times edited, for example Breslau 1728, in folio.

Kutschker, Ioan. Rud., Austrian (1810-1881), Cardinal and archbishop of Vienna, arranged with great diligence: 1. Das Eherecht der kath. Kirche nach seiner Theorie und Praxis, 5 volumes, Vienna 1856; 2. Die gemischten Ehen, Vienna 1838; 3. Die Lehre vom Schadenersatz, Olmutz 1851, and several other things.

L

Lacroix, Claud., S.J., Belgian (1652-1714). His Theologia moralis was often edited both before and after the author's death; it is an excellent commentary on the Medulla of Busembaum. The last edition appeared at Paris 1874, 4 volumes in 4to.

Lambertini, Prosper, see Benedict XIV.

Larraga, Franc., O.P., Spanish (d. 1715), wrote Prontuario de teologia moral in 8vo, often edited and revised even in our own days, Avila 1919.

Laymann, Paul., S.J., German (1574-1635), equally skilled in moral theology and in canon law, wrote works distinguished by clarity and solidity. Besides his great work Theologia moralis, he was the author of many treatises on canon law, which were collected and arranged under the title Ius canonicum R. P. Laymann, 3 volumes, Dillingen 1663.

Leander a SS. Sacramento, O.SS.Trinit., Spanish (1591-1663), is an excessively benign author in moral matters. He wrote Quaestiones morales theol., distributed into 8 parts, which, collected together after his death, appeared at Lyons 1669 sqq., 8 folio volumes.

Ledesma, Barthol. de, O.P., Spanish, bishop of Oaxaca, or Antequera, in Mexico (d. 1604), wrote a collection of cases of conscience under the title Una suma de casos de conciencia o de los sacramentos, Mexico 1560, enlarged and revised at Salamanca 1585.

Ledesma, Martinus de, O.P., Spanish (d. 1574), wrote Commentaries on the fourth book of the Sentences, 2 folio volumes, Coimbra 1555-1560.

Ledesma, Petrus de, O.P., Spanish (d. 1616), a very celebrated doctor in theology, wrote among other things: De magno matrimonii sacramento, 1 volume in 4to, Venice 1595; Summa seu theologia moralis de sacramentis. The work was written in Spanish and afterward rendered into Latin, 2 folio volumes, Salamanca 1614 and Lisbon 1617.

Lehmkuhl, Aug., S.J., German (1834-1917), deservedly obtained a very eminent place among writers on moral theology. He wrote, besides many other things, Theologia moralis, 2 volumes in 8vo, already printed twelve times. Likewise Casus conscientiae, 2 volumes in 8vo, 4th edition; Probabilismus vindicatus, Freiburg 1906. It is to be regretted that his style sometimes lacks limpid clarity.

Lessius (Leys), Leon., S.J., Belgian (1554-1623), wrote the very celebrated work De iustitia et iure ceterisque virtutibus cardinalibus, in folio, Louvain 1605, often edited. Less known are his Tractatus de beatitudine, de actibus humanis, de sacramentis, de censuris, in folio, Louvain 1645. But it is known to everyone how very sharp disputes broke out because of Lessius's works on efficacious grace, predestination and reprobation, free will, and so forth; but these rather pertain to Dogmatics.

Lezana, Ioan. Bapt. de, O.Carm., Spanish (1586-1659), wrote several works on theology and on the law of Religious, for example Summa theologiae ex Angelico Doctore, 3 folio volumes, Rome 1651 sqq.; Summa quaestionum regularium, 5 folio volumes, Rome 1634; Consulta varia theologica, in folio, Venice 1651.

St. Liguori, see St. Alphonsus.

Linsenmann, Franc. Xav., German (1835-1898), among other things wrote Lehrbuch der Moraltheologie, Freiburg im Breisgau 1878, a clear work, but not always correct.

Lopez, Ludov., O.P., Spanish (d. 1596), wrote Instructorium conscientiae..., in 4to, Salamanca 1585, a work very often edited and also translated into the Italian language. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 316, note: "In deciding cases of conscience he is judged by learned men to be rather lax." The same author wrote Tractatus de contractibus..., in folio, Salamanca 1592.

Lorca, Petrus de, O.Cist., Spanish (1554-1606), wrote most learned Commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas, 2 folio volumes, Alcala 1609, and on II-II of St. Thomas, in folio, Madrid 1614.

Loth, Ludov. Bertr., O.P., Belgian (d. 1662), wrote, besides other things, Resolutiones theologicas illustrium difficultatum contingentium in Belgio, in folio; this work was edited after the author's death at Bruges, 1687.

Lugo, Franc. de, S.J., Spanish (1580-1652), wrote Tractatus de septem sacramentis, in 4to, Venice 1652, and Decursus praevius ad theologiam moralem, in 4to, Alcala de Henares 1642.

Lugo, Ioan. de, S.J., Spanish, Cardinal (1583-1660), brother of Franciscus de Lugo, endowed with acute intellect, highly esteemed by St. Alphonsus, Theol. mor. III, 552, wrote several works, of which these pertain to moral theology: Tractatus de fide, de iustitia et iure, de contractibus, de sacramentis, Responsa moralia. A neat edition of Lugo's works was prepared by I. B. Fournials, 8 volumes in 4to, Paris 1868.

Luydl, Corbin., O.Min., from Augsburg (1718-1778), a sharp anti-probabilist, wrote a learned indeed but too prolix work, Institutiones theologiae moralis christianae et evangelicae, which his confrere Bonif. Schneidenbach continued, Kempten, 20 volumes in 12mo, 1771-1784.

M

Maeratius, Ludov., S.J., French (d. 1664), left Disputationes in Summam theol. universam S. Thomae, 3 folio volumes, Paris 1633.

Malderus, Ioan., Belgian, bishop of Antwerp (1561-1633), wrote Commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas, in folio, Antwerp 1623; moreover De virtutibus theologicis, de iustitia, de religione, in folio, Antwerp 1616; finally he published Tractatus de sigillo confessionis sacramentalis, in 8vo, there, 1626.

Many, S., French, wrote several very solid and useful works especially regarding canon law, for example Praelectiones iuris canonici, namely 1. on the Mass, 2. on the sacrament of the Most Holy Eucharist, 3. on sacred places, 4. on sacred ordination, Paris 1904 sq.

Marc, Clem., C.Ss.R., French (1831-1887), wrote a work eminent for clarity and solidity of doctrine, entitled Institutiones morales Alphonsianae, which had already obtained 18 editions by the year 1928, 2 volumes in 8vo.

March, Acatius, O.P., Spanish, bishop of Orihuela (d. 1665), wrote in the Spanish language Resoluciones morales, 2 folio volumes, Valencia 1656-1658. He proceeds in alphabetical order, as almost all the little summas compiled at that time did.

Marchant, Iac., Belgian (1648), wrote the very widespread work Hortus pastorum, Cologne 1635. He also wrote Opuscula pastoralia, Cologne in the same year.

Marchant, Petr., O.Min., Belgian (1585-1661), is a distinguished probabilist, who wrote the rather curious work Tribunal sacramentale et visibile animarum in hac vita mortali, 2 folio volumes, Ghent 1642. For his other works of lesser importance see Hurter, Nomenclator III, 1203.

Margarita confessorum seems to have been published by a certain religious of the convent of St. Paul at Seville, O.P., 1 volume in 8vo, Seville 1526.

Marres, P. H., Dutch, wrote a very useful work for the Netherlands, namely De iustitia secundum doctrinam theologicam et principia iuris recentioris, speciatim vero Neerlandici, 2nd edition, Roermond 1889.

Martin, Conr., bishop of Paderborn (1812-1879), besides several other works wrote Lehrbuch der Moral, Mainz 1850, several times edited.

Martinez, Gregor., O.P., Spanish (1575-1637), wrote very extensive Commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas, 3 folio volumes, Valladolid 1617-1637.

Martinez, Ioannes de Prado, O.P., Spanish (d. 1668), is a fecund author who published several solid works on moral theology, for example Theologiae moralis quaestiones praecipuae, 2 folio volumes, Alcala 1654-1656; Dubitationes morales de sacramentis in genere et in specie, in folio, there, 1660; De poenitentiae sacramento, there, 1669, a posthumous folio work.

Mas, Vinc., O.P., Spanish (d. 1772), wrote works with these titles: Propositionum canonice damnatarum praedamnatio Augustino-thomistica, 2 volumes in 4to, Valencia 1761; Incommoda probabilismi, in 4to, there, 1765.

Mastrius, Barth., O.Min., Italian (1673), to be numbered entirely among the foremost Scotists, wrote, besides Disputationes theol. in 4 libros Sententiarum, Theologia moralis ad mentem DD. Seraphici et Subtilis concinnata, in folio, Venice 1671.

Matharan, Mauritius, S.J., French (d. 1894), wrote a clear and useful work, Casus de matrimonio fere quingenti, Paris 1896, 2nd edition; he also arranged a Compendium theologiae moralis, Paris 1893, often edited afterward.

Mausbach, Ios., German (1861-1931), published several moral works furnished with beautiful style and solid doctrine, for example Thomae Aq. de voluntate et appetitu sensitivo doctrina, Die Ethik des hl. Augustinus, Katholische Moraltheologie, and so forth.

Mayol, Ios., O.P., French (d. 1704), wrote Summa moralis doctrinae thomisticae, Avignon 1704. Part of this work was reprinted in the complete course of theology compiled by Migne, volume 13, 715-962.

Mayr, Anton., S.J., German (1673-1749), wrote Theologia scholastica, 8 volumes in 8vo, Ingolstadt 1729, where he defends Aequiprobabilism already before St. Alphonsus.

Mazzotta, Nicol., S.J., Italian (1669-1746). His Theologia moralis, often praised by St. Alphonsus, was published after the author's death at Naples, 1748, and afterward several times.

Medina, Barth., O.P., Spanish (1528-1581), is called the father of Probabilism. He wrote Commentaries on I-II and on III of St. Thomas, 2 folio volumes, Salamanca 1577, and then several times afterward. Likewise he published Breve instruccion de como se ha de administrar el Sacramento de la Penitencia, in 8vo, Salamanca 1580. This work, translated into Latin by Raphael de Cesare, was often edited.

Medina, Ioan., Spanish (1490-1546), is held in great esteem in moral theology, although he defended some erroneous things. His works were edited several times. In the Ingolstadt edition of 1581, which seems to be better and which we used, this is the series of treatises: on the sacrament of penance, on fasting, almsgiving, prayer, volume 1; on restitution and contracts, volume 2.

Mendo, Andreas, S.J., Spanish (1608-1684). "He is among those authors whose name scarcely appears elsewhere among citations than where some anomalous opinion is produced." Thus Ballerini, note to Gury I, no. 414. He wrote the very long Elucidatio in Bullam S. Cruciatae, in folio, Lyons 1668; Epitome opinionum moralium, in 8vo, Venice 1676; Statera opinionum benignarum. This last work is still found in the Index of Prohibited Books.

Meratus, Caiet., Theatine, Italian (1668-1774), is a classic author in liturgical matters; he edited and enlarged the Thesaurus sacr. rituum compiled by Barth. Gavanti.

Mercado, Thom., O.P., Spanish (1575), wrote Summa de tratos y contratos, in 4to, Salamanca 1569, a work edited several times and also translated into the Italian language.

Mercorus, Iul., O.P., Italian (d. 1669), wrote the work entitled Basis totius theologiae moralis, in folio, Mantua 1658. He attacks lax opinions proposed by Escobar, Caramuel, Pasqualigo, and others. Hence it happened that afterward he had to publish several other little works in order to defend himself against the attacks of adversaries.

Milante, Pius Thom., O.P., Italian, bishop of Stabiae, Castellammare (d. 1749), had St. Alphonsus as a disciple. Among other things, on moral matters he wrote Exercitationes dogmatico-morales in propositiones proscriptas, 3 volumes in 4to, Naples 1738-1740. Against Concina he wrote Vindiciae Regularium in causa monasticae paupertatis, in 4to, Naples 1740.

Minderer, Sebaldus, O.Min., German (1710-1784), wrote, as a supplement to the moral theology arranged by Elbel, the distinguished treatise De indulgentiis et iubilaeo, in 8vo, Augsburg 1763.

Molina, Lud., S.J., Spanish (1536-1600). For moral theology his very extensive treatise De iustitia et iure is worthy of mention. The best of all seems to be the edition prepared in 5 tomes in 2 folio volumes, Mainz 1733.

Montesinos, Lud. de, Spanish (1553-1621), a man excelling in clarity of intellect, left Commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas Aquinas, 2 folio volumes, Alcala 1622.

Moran, Ios., O.P., Spanish, wrote in the Spanish language Teologia moral, 3 volumes in 4to, Madrid 1883, a solid and commendable work.

Morinus, Ioan., of the Congregation of the Oratory, French (1591-1659), a distinguished archaeologist. For moral theology his works De disciplina in administratione sacramenti poenitentiae 13 primis saeculis, in folio, Paris 1651, and Commentarius ... de sacris Ecclesiae ordinationibus, in folio, Paris 1655, are worthy of mention, but are to be read with some circumspection.

Moya, Matth. de, S.J., Spanish (1610-1684), is not a commendable author. Under the fictitious name Amadeus Guimenius he wrote Opusculum singularia universae fere theologiae moralis complectens adversus quorumdam expostulationes, Lyons 1664. This book was not only placed on the Index, but was also proscribed by a Brief of Innocent XI on 16 September 1680. Another work of Moya, Quaestiones selectae in praecipuis theologiae mor. tractatibus, in folio, Madrid 1670, was likewise placed on the Index.

Muller, Ern., Austrian, bishop of Linz (1822-1888), elaborated Theologia moralis, often edited, also after the author's death. In this work there is not only solid and clear doctrine, but also knowledge and piety are neatly united, so that instruction and one's own edification can be drawn from it at the same time.

N

Naldus, Antonius, Theatine, Italian (d. 1645), compiled Summa seu resolutiones pract. casuum conscientiae, alphabetica serie ... digestas, Rome 1635 and often edited.

Navarrus. Thus Martinus Azpilcueta, Spanish (1493-1586), Canon Regular, is commonly called. In his time he was very well known, and for a long time he fulfilled at Rome the office of Penitentiary. All his works appeared in 5 folio volumes, Lyons 1594 and several times afterward.

Nazarius, Ioan. Paul, O.P., Italian (1556-1646), wrote very extensive Commentaries on the Summa of St. Thomas, comprised in 6 folio volumes. Moreover he published a seventh volume containing several little works, some of which pertain to moral theology, for example Responsiones ad quaedam quaesita casuum conscientiae, on the state and obligation of religious, and so forth.

Nider, Ioan., O.P., German (d. 1438), an altogether distinguished man, left several very widely circulated works. To moral theology pertain, for example, Formicarius, a work often edited; Praeceptorium divinae legis, that is, a treatise on the ten precepts, Basel 1473 and afterward edited at least seventeen times down to the year 1500, cf. Hain, Repert. II, 11, 780; Tractatus de contractibus mercatorum, Paris 1514; Consolatorium timoratae conscientiae, Paris 1487, and so forth.

Noldin, Hieronym., S.J., Austrian (1838-1922), wrote among other things a work entitled Summa theologiae moralis, 3 volumes in 8vo, 20th edition, Innsbruck 1930, prepared by Schmitt, and it is deservedly numbered among the best works of this time because of clarity, solid doctrine, and the neat manner of treating all practical questions.

O

Ojetti, Bened., S.J., Italian, wrote very commendable works: Synopsis rerum moralium et iuris pontificii alphabetico ordine digesta, in 4to, 3rd edition, Rome 1912; In ius antepianum et pianum ex decreto "Ne temere" ... commentarii.

Ostiensis (Henricus de Segusia), Italian (d. 1271), a very celebrated canonist, wrote Summa super titulis decretalium, very often edited, which because of its excellence was called golden.

Oviedo, Franc. de, S.J., Spanish (1602-1651), wrote Commentaries on I-II of St. Thomas, 1 folio volume, Lyons 1646, and Tractatus de virtutibus theologicis, 1 folio volume, there, 1651.

P

Palmieri, Dom., S.J., Italian (1829-1909), composed several works, for example De matrimonio christiano, De poenitentia. He also edited the great moral work of Antonius Ballerini, 3rd edition, Rome 1898-1901, and the Compendium written by Gury, 15th edition, there, 1907.

Paludanus, Petrus, O.P., French (d. 1342), patriarch of Jerusalem, wrote besides many other works, cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. I, 603 sq., Commentaries on the third and fourth books of the Sentences, most diligently revised by Vinc. de Haerlem, 2 folio volumes, Paris 1514.

Pasqualigo, Zachar., Theatine, Italian (1600-1664), is sometimes an excessively benign author. Some of his works were placed on the Index, for example Decisiones morales, in folio, Verona 1641; Sacra moralis doctrina, in folio, Venice 1650. His classic work is De sacrificio novae legis quaestiones theologicae, morales, iuridicae, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1662 and several times afterward.

Passerinus de Sextula, Petr., O.P., Italian (1594-1677), is counted among the best canonists of his time. For his works see our Manual of Canon Law, p. XXXVI.

Patuzzi, Vinc., O.P., Italian (1700-1769), is Concina's apologist and colleague in attacking Probabilism. He also attacked St. Alphonsus. He wrote several works. Pertaining to moral theology is Ethica christiana sive theologia moralis, 3 folio volumes, Bassano 1760, which, reduced into a compendium, has been edited several times, for example 4 volumes in 8vo, Lodi 1833.

Pauwels, Ios., O.Min. (ca. 1759), wrote very well-known treatises: De casibus reservatis, 3 volumes in 8vo, Louvain 1750-1756, and Magnum matrimonii sacramentum reductum in casus, 2 volumes in 8vo, Louvain 1750.

Pellizarius, Franc., S.J., Italian (1596-1651), is a very well-known author on the law of Religious. Since the earlier editions of his works were placed on the Index, the editions corrected according to the Roman edition of 1755 must be used.

Pennacchi, Ios., Italian (d. 1898), published extensive and learned Commentaries on the Constitution Apostolicae Sedis, 2 volumes in 8vo, Rome 1883, and on the Constitution Officiorum ac munerum, 1 volume in 8vo, Rome 1898.

Peraldus, Guil., O.P., French (d. ca. 1250), wrote the distinguished work Summa de vitiis et virtutibus, very often edited, for example Paris 1519, 2 volumes in 8vo.

Petrocorensis, that is, Theologia moralis ad usum seminarii Petrocorensis, 6 volumes in 12mo, Padua 1735. It is a work not rarely cited by St. Alphonsus.

Piscetta, Alois., Italian, wrote a neat and solid work, Theologiae moralis elementa, several times edited at Turin 1908, 3rd edition, 3 volumes in 8vo. A fourth volume, Elementa theologiae sacramentariae, was added by Dante Munerati.

Pontas, Ioan., French (1638-1728), composed Dictionarium casuum conscientiae. This work was first written in the French language, but afterward translated into Latin and often edited and revised, for example by Concina and Collet. That edition which Migne prepared in 1847, 2 volumes in 4to, is good. Pontas is a rigid author.

Pontius, Basil., O.S.A., Spanish (1569-1629), wrote very good works De sacramento matrimonii, in folio, Salamanca 1624 and often afterward, and Tractatus de impedimentis matrimonii, in 4to, Salamanca 1613. Pontius fought strenuously for preserving Thomism in the Academy of Salamanca.

Portel, Laur., O.Min., Spanish (ca. 1630), wrote several casuistic works, for example Dubia regularia, in 4to, Venice 1641; Responsiones ... casuum moralium, 2 volumes in 4to, Venice 1645.

Prado, O.P., see Martinez.

Prickartz, Ios., O.Praem., Bohemian (d. 1737), wrote Theologia moralis, 7 volumes in 8vo, Cologne 1752 sqq. This work at that time was sufficiently widespread in Germany.

Prierias, Sylvester (Sylvester Mazolinus de Prierio), O.P., Italian, Master of the Sacred Palace (d. 1523), is a very celebrated and most fecund author. For a list of his works see Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. II, 55 sqq. For moral theology his Summa Summarum, which is called the Silvestrina, is most worthy of mention; in it, in 715 articles arranged alphabetically, all moral theology is treated, 2 volumes in 4to. More than 49 editions of this work exist.

Pruner, Ioan. Evang. (1825-1907), German, professor at Eichstatt, a truly apostolic man, published very good works: Katholische Moraltheologie, 3rd edition, Freiburg im Breisgau 1903; Pastoraltheologie, 5th edition prepared by J. Seitz, Paderborn 1920; Die Lehre vom Recht und der Gerechtigkeit, 1857.

Q

Quarti, Paul. Maria, Theatine, Italian (d. ca. 1655), wrote, besides distinguished works on liturgy, the book entitled Matura discussio casuum episcopalium, in 4to, Naples 1668.

Quintanaduenas, Ant. de, S.J., Spanish (d. 1651), is sometimes cited by St. Alphonsus; he wrote: 1. Singularia theologiae moralis ad septem Ecclesiae sacramenta, in folio, Seville 1645; 2. Ad quinque Ecclesiae praecepta necnon ad ecclesiasticas censuras et poenas, in folio, Madrid 1652.

R

Rassler, Christoph., S.J., German (1654-1723), proposed Aequiprobabilism already before St. Alphonsus in the work Norma recti seu tractatus theologicus ... de regula honestatis ac de recto usu opinionum probabilium, in folio, Ingolstadt 1713. Rassler is also the author of the anonymous work Vindiciae Gobatianae, in 4to, Ingolstadt 1706.

Raus, J. B., C.Ss.R., Luxembourger, re-edited the Institutiones Mor. Alphonsian. elaborated by the distinguished Marc. He also published the solid work De sacrae obedientiae virtute et voto, Lyons 1923.

St. Raymond of Pennafort, O.P., Spanish, penitentiary of the Pope, master general of the Order of Preachers (1175-1275), is the celebrated compiler of the Decretals of Gregory IX and author of the Summa de poenitentia et matrimonio; this distinguished book was illustrated with commentaries by several, for example Guilelmus Rhedonensis and Ioannes de Friburgo.

Raynaudus, Theophil., S.J., French (1582-1663), is a most fecund author, writing 20 folio volumes. Some of his works were placed on the Index, until they should be corrected. From the whole mass of these works almost nothing worthy of mention exists for moral theology except his treatise De aequivocatione et mentali restrictione, found in volume 14 of the works.

Reding, Augustin., O.S.B., Swiss (1625-1692), was abbot of Einsiedeln and wrote with the highest learning, though not always with a clear style, Theologia scholastica universa, 13 folio volumes, Einsiedeln 1687. Everywhere he follows the Thomistic school.

Reginaldus (Renaud), Valerius, S.J., French (1543-1623), wrote several works pertaining to moral theology, which are commended by St. Charles Borromeo, St. Francis de Sales, and St. Alphonsus. His principal work is Praxis fori poenitentialis, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1616 and then often edited.

Reiffenstuel, Anaclet., O.Min., German (1641-1703), wrote not only the classic work Ius canonicum universum, but also Theologia moralis, edited thirty times. The seventh edition, with additions by Massaeus Kresslinger, appeared at Modena 1745, in folio.

Reuter, Ioan., S.J., German (1680-1762), wrote Theologia moralis, reprinted several times, 4 volumes in 8vo. More known and useful is his work entitled Neoconfessarius, edited again even in our age at Paris, Regensburg, and Freiburg im Breisgau.

Rodriguez, Emanuel, O.Min., Spanish (d. 1613), an illustrious canonist and moralist, very well known from the work Quaestiones regulares et canonicae, 4 volumes in 4to, often edited, for example Salamanca 1604-1606. He also wrote Summa casuum conscientiae, edited several times, for example Venice 1628, in 4to.

Roncaglia, Constant., of the Congregation of the Mother of God, Italian (1677-1733), wrote, besides other things, Universa moralis theologia, 2 folio volumes, Lucca 1630, often edited and much praised by St. Alphonsus. He also wrote Consiliorum moralium liber singularis, in folio, Lucca 1729.

Rosella, see Trevamala.

Roskovany, Aug. de, Hungarian, bishop of Nitra (1802-1892), an indefatigable compiler, wrote among many other things De matrimoniis in Ecclesia catholica, 2 volumes in 8vo, Eger 1837; De matrimoniis mixtis, Pecs 1842-1882, 7 volumes with a Supplement, 1888.

Rosset, Michael, French, bishop of Maurienne (1830-1902), wrote De sacramento eucharistiae, 1 volume in 8vo, Chambery 1876; De sacramento matrimonii, 6 volumes in 8vo, Paris 1895-1896, a very prolix work, in which, however, not enough account is taken of history.

Rumsik, Ioannes, O.P., see Ioannes de Friburgo.

S

Sa, Eman., S.J., Spanish (1530-1596), wrote the little work Aphorismi confessariorum, 1 volume in 12mo, placed on the Index in 1603, but afterward corrected.

Sabetti, Alois., S.J., Italian (1838-1898), reduced the Compendium theologiae moralis composed by Gury and Ballerini into a new form especially suited for America, New York 1884; the 28th edition, prepared by Tim. Barrett, appeared in 1922.

Saettler, Gasp., German (d. 1779), a moderate Probabiliorist, wrote Theologia moralis universa, 4 volumes in 8vo, which I. Rousselot illustrated with selected and copious annotations, 1810.

Salas, Ioan. de, S.J., Spanish (1553-1612), wrote Commentaries both on I-II of the Theological Summa of St. Thomas, 3 folio volumes, and on II-II, a posthumous work on contracts, 1 volume in 4to, Lyons 1617.

Salesius, see St. Francis.

Salmanticenses are called the very well-known Carmelite authors of the works: 1. Cursus theologicus ... Summam theologicam complectens, often edited, and indeed even in our own times, 20 volumes, Paris 1870. 2. Cursus theologiae moralis, a work often edited, for example Venice 1714, 6 folio volumes, and very highly esteemed by St. Alphonsus. Sometimes, however, individual authors are not correctly cited among the Salmanticenses.

Salon, Mich., Augustinian Hermit, Spanish (1538-1620), wrote Controversiae de iustitia et iure atque de contractibus, 2 folio volumes, Venice 1608. He is a faithful disciple of St. Thomas Aquinas.

Sanchez, Ioan. (Sanctius), Spanish (d. ca. 1624), wrote Selectae et practicae disputationes de rebus in administratione sacramentorum ... passim occurrentibus, in folio, Madrid 1624. This work was placed on the Index because of the lax opinions contained in it.

Sanchez, Thomas, S.J., Spanish (1550-1610), wrote: 1. Opus morale in praecepta Decalogi, 2 folio volumes, Madrid 1613; 2. Consilia seu opuscula moralia, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1634; 3. De s. matrimonii sacramento, 3 folio volumes, Genoa 1602. This last work is very learned; yet it is censured by some because it descends too much into particulars of the conjugal act. In the first work cited above Sanchez more than once defends excessively benign opinions.

Sasserath, Reiner., O.Min.Conv., German (d. ca. 1775), wrote Cursus theologiae moralis, divided into four parts, 4 volumes in 8vo, Augsburg 1771 and afterward very often edited. It is a work outstanding for clarity and solidity of doctrine.

Sayrus (Saye), Gregor., O.S.B., English (1560-1602), wrote several distinguished moral works, for example Clavis regia sacerdotum, casuum conscientiae ... locos omnes aperiens, in folio, Venice 1605, edited ten times down to 1659; Thesaurus casuum conscientiae de censuris ecclesiasticis, in folio, Venice 1601, and seven times afterward. Besides this, Sayrus arranged some similar moral works from the works of Navarrus. The works of Sayrus were always of great authority among all theologians, and it is remarkable that this man, who departed from this life at the age of 42 years, was able to complete so many volumes, and those very weighty.

Scarpazza, Faustinus, O.P., Italian (1720-1793), wrote, besides other things, a clear, solid, and often edited work entitled Teologia morale ossia compendio di etica cristiana, 12 tomes, 4 volumes, in 8vo, Palermo 1843.

Scavini, Petrus, Italian (1790-1869), wrote the distinguished and very widespread work entitled Theologia moralis universa ad mentem S. Alphonsi, 4 tomes in 8vo, Novara 1847; at Milan 1902 there appeared the 16th edition.

Scheicher, Ios., Austrian, is a most fecund author. He wrote Allgemeine Moraltheologie, 1885; he revised Binder's Handbuch des Eherechtes, 3rd and 4th edition, 1887/91; Compendium theologiae moralis, 3rd edition, 1904.

Schilling, Otto, German, wrote much on sociology; besides this, Moraltheologie, a work of small size but of abundant and solid doctrine, which work he afterward enlarged into Lehrbuch der Moraltheologie, Munich 1927, 2 volumes in 8vo.

Schindler, Franc., Austrian (1847-1922), wrote, besides several works on sociology, Lehrbuch der Moraltheologie, 3 volumes, Vienna 1914, 2nd edition.

Schuch, Ignat., O.S.B., Austrian (d. 1893), wrote the useful and very well-known book Handbuch der Pastoraltheologie, Innsbruck 1910, 15th edition prepared by Polz.

Schwane, Ios., German (1824-1892), among several other things wrote Die theologische Lehre uber die Vertrage, Munster 1871; Spezielle Moraltheologie, 2nd edition, Freiburg im Breisgau 1885; Allgemeine Moraltheologie, there, 1885.

Scotus, Ioan. Duns, O.Min., English (1265-1308), called the Subtle Doctor, acquired great authority for himself, but defended some opinions evidently false. All his works appeared in 12 folio volumes, Lyons 1639; 26 volumes in 4to, Paris 1891 sqq.

Silvius, Franc., Belgian (1581-1649), wrote very well-known Commentaries on the whole Theological Summa of St. Thomas; and besides this some little works, 6 folio volumes, Venice 1726 and several times.

Simar, Hub., German, archbishop of Cologne (1835-1902), wrote on moral theology Lehrbuch der Moraltheologie, 3rd edition, Freiburg im Breisgau 1893; Die Lehre vom Wesen des Gewissens, there, 1885, part I and only part; Der Aberglaube, Cologne 1893, 3rd edition.

Sinnigh, Ioan., Irish (d. 1666). He is an excessively rigid author, favors Jansenism, and seems to have defended the proposition afterward condemned by Alexander VIII: "It is not lawful to follow an opinion, even the most probable among the probable." For the list of his works, some of which are proscribed in the Index, see Hurter, Nomenclator IV, 100 sq.

Slater, Thomas, S.J., English, an author known in England and in North America, published, besides Tractatus de iustitia et iure, Principia theologiae moralis, 1 volume in 8vo, London 1912; A Manual of Moral Theology for English Speaking Countries, 2 volumes, 4th edition, New York 1918, works succinct and clear.

Soto, Dominicus de, O.P., Spanish (1494-1560), a man of great soul, theologian at the Council of Trent, wrote besides many other things Relatio de ratione tegendi et detegendi secretum, Salamanca 1552 and often afterward; De iustitia et iure, 10 books, there 1556 and often afterward.

Soto, Petrus de, O.P., Spanish (d. 1563), wrote among other things Tractatus de institutione sacerdotum, qui sub episcopis animarum curam gerunt, in 4to, Dillingen 1558 and often afterward.

Sporer, Patritius, O.Min., German (d. 1714), wrote Theologia moralis decalogalis et sacramentalis, which was enlarged by a supplement made by Kilian Kazenberger, 2 folio volumes, Venice 1731, and was newly edited by Iren. Bierbaum, 1897 and 1902. Sporer is an altogether grave author, although sometimes too benign.

Stoz, Matthaeus, S.J., German (d. 1678), wrote Tribunal poenitentiae, which work his brother Ioannes Stoz completed and published, 1 volume in 4to, Dillingen 1684.

Suarez, Franc., S.J., Spanish (1548-1617), all works, in folio, 23 tomes, Venice 1740-1757, and Paris, Vives, 1856-1861, 28 volumes in 4to. Suarez is deservedly numbered among the greatest theologians of the renowned Society of Jesus. His Tractatus de virtute et statu religionis is truly classic.

Summa confessorum is the name given to several books for the use of confessors, arranged in brief, clear, and almost always alphabetical order. See St. Raymond de Pennafort, Ioannes de Friburgo, Sylvester Prierias, Carleti, Trovamala, Toletus, and so forth.

Surbled, Georg., French, a physician, wrote a very useful work, widely circulated and translated into other languages: La Morale dans ses rapports avec la medecine et l'hygiene, 4 volumes in 12mo, 12th edition, Paris 1921.

Sylvester Prierias, see Prierias.

T

Tabiena, that is, Ioan. Cagnazzo de Tabia, O.P., Italian (d. 1521), wrote the very well-known Summa casuum conscientiae, which is briefly called Summa Tabiena and has been very often edited. A good edition appeared at Venice 1602, in 4to.

Tamburini, Thomas, S.J., Sicilian (1591-1675), wrote several moral works, for example Explicatio Decalogi, Methodus expeditae confessionis. All the moral works of this author appeared several times, especially under the care of Ant. Zaccaria, 3 folio volumes, Venice 1755. Tamburini is indeed very learned, but too indulgent, and therefore to be read with caution. Cf. St. Alphonsus, Theol. mor. book 3, no. 645. He openly teaches that it is lawful to follow an opinion which is probably only probable, Explicat. Decalogi book 1, chapter 3, § 3, no. 8.

Tanner, Adam, S.J., German (1572-1632), wrote Universa theologia scholastica, speculativa, practica ad methodum D. Thomae, 3 folio volumes, Ingolstadt 1626.

Tanquerey, Ad., French, wrote, besides Synopsis theologiae dogmaticae, also Synopsis theologiae moralis et pastoralis, 3 volumes in 8vo. This work has several new editions and is outstanding for solid doctrine and a more scientific manner of treating moral matters.

Tappehorn, Ant., German (1823-1908), wrote several very useful and commendable works, for example Die lassliche Sunde, Dulmen 1883; Der Priester am Krankenbett, 5th edition prepared by Heinekamp, Paderborn 1910; Die Verwaltung des Bussakramentes, 5th edition prepared by Rich. Heinrichs, Dulmen 1908.

Terillus, Ant., S.J., English (1623-1676), is one of the principal defenders of Probabilism. He wrote: 1. Fundamentum totius theologiae moralis seu Tractatus de conscientia probabili, in 4to, Liege 1668. 2. Regula morum, in folio, there, 1678, a posthumous work.

Texeda, Franc. Lopez de, O.P., Spanish (ca. 1640), wrote Controversiae theologiae moralis omnes status concernentes, 2 folio volumes, Naples 1632-1646.

Theodorus a Spiritu Sancto, O.Carm., Italian (d. 1764), wrote very good treatises De indulgentiis, 2 folio volumes, Rome 1743, and De iubilaeo, in folio, there, 1750.

Thesaurus resolutionum S. Congregationis Concilii from the year 1718-1909, 167 volumes in 4to, then in folio. This complete collection is very rarely found in libraries.

St. Thomas Aquinas, O.P., Italian (1226-1274), Doctor of the Church, is deservedly called the prince of scholastic theology. His principal work, namely the Summa theologica, contains not only Dogmatics, but also Moral Theology, and indeed both in a most perfect way.

Toletus, Franc., S.J., Spanish (1532-1596), Cardinal, wrote Instructio sacerdotum and De septem peccatis, which work was very often edited and sometimes also under the title Summa casuum conscientiae sive instructio sacerdotum in libros VIII distincta. St. Francis de Sales highly commended this work to his clergy. Besides this Toletus left several unpublished writings, from which Ios. Paria, S.J., published In Summam theologicam S. Thomae enarratio, 4 volumes in 4to, Rome 1869.

Torre, Raphael de la, O.P., Spanish (d. 1612), wrote Commentaries on II-II of St. Thomas, 7 questions, namely: 1. De religione et eius actibus from question 80 to question 91, in folio, Salamanca 1610; 2. De vitiis oppositis religioni from question 92 to question 100, in folio, there, 1612. The third volume, on the remaining parts of justice, where, when treating of obedience, he added a copious treatise on the religious state, was ready for the press, as the author himself testifies, but was not yet printed.

Tournely, Honorat., French (1658-1729), wrote Praelectiones theologicae, which, completed by Collet, were often edited, for example Cologne 1752-1765, 10 folio volumes.

Trovamala (Novamala), Baptista, O.Min., Italian (d. 1495), wrote a Summa of cases arranged in alphabetical order, which is called Summa Baptistiniana or Rosella casuum, very often edited in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, for example Nuremberg 1484.

Trullench, Ioan. Aegid., Spanish (d. 1644), is cited rather frequently by St. Alphonsus and the Salmanticenses; he left several works pertaining to moral theology, for example Opus morale sive in 10 Decalogi et 5 Ecclesiae praecepta ... expositio, 2 folio volumes, Valencia 1640; Praxis sacramentorum, in folio, there, 1646; De iure parochi, in 8vo, there, 1647.

Turrianus, Ludov. (Luis de Torres), S.J., Spanish (1552-1635), published several works regarding moral theology, for example Disputationes in II-II S. Thomae, 2 folio volumes, Lyons 1617; Summa theologiae moralis, in folio, there, 1634; Disputationes de poenitentia, 2 folio volumes, Madrid 1628.

U

Ulricus, Engelbertus de Argentina, O.P., German (d. ca. 1277), disciple of Blessed Albert the Great, left a Summa theologica, which Ioannes de Friburgo often used in the Summa confessorum, but which, alas, has not yet been printed.

V

Valentia, Gregor. de, S.J., Spanish (1549-1603). His principal work is Commentarii theologici in totam Summam S. Thomae Aq., often edited, for example Lyons 1600, 4 folio volumes.

Van de Burgt, E. P., Dutch (d. 1883), wrote the distinguished treatise De matrimonio, 's-Hertogenbosch 1859, in 8vo. A new edition was prepared by Schaepman.

Van der Velden, Pius, O.Min., Belgian (d. 1857), wrote Principia theologiae moralis theoretice et practice exposita. This work, enriched with several annotations, was edited again by Fr. Piat, Capuchin, 3 volumes in 8vo, Paris 1875.

Vasquez, Gabriel, S.J., Spanish (1551-1604), wrote Commentaries on the Summa of St. Thomas, and moral little works De eleemosyna, de scandalo, restitutione, and so forth. More than once he defends singular and less safe opinions. All his works were edited at Lyons 1630-1631, 9 volumes, 10 tomes, in folio.

Vega, Andreas, O.Min., Spanish (d. 1560), wrote, besides other things, the work entitled De iustificatione doctrina universa, Venice 1548 and afterward often edited. He is a very learned author, but some of his opinions are less correct, especially concerning the necessity of supernatural faith.

Vermeersch, Arthur, S.J., Belgian, is a grave and fecund author, who published several works of solid doctrine, for example Quaestiones de iustitia, in 8vo, 2nd edition 1904, Bruges 1901; De religiosis institutis et personis, 4th edition, there, 1909, to which work periodic supplements are added; De castitate et vitiis contrariis, Rome 1919; Theologiae moralis principia, responsa, consilia, 2nd edition, Rome 1927.

Victoria (Vitoria), Franc. de, O.P., Spanish (1480-1546), is a very celebrated theologian, who wrote altogether distinguished works: Relectiones theologiae, in 8vo, Lyons 1537 and often afterward; In II-II commentaria, in 4to, Paris 1512. Several works of Franciscus de Victoria have not yet been printed. Cf. Ehrler in Katholik 1884, 508 sqq., and Getino in La Ciencia Tomista 1910, 1 sqq.

Vidal, Franc., O.P., see Wigandt.

Villada, Paul, S.J., Spanish, wrote Casus conscientiae his praesertim temporibus accommodatos et resolutos, 3 volumes in 8vo, Brussels 1884 sqq.

Villalobos, Henr. de, O.Min. (d. ca. 1637), wrote the often edited work Suma de la teologia moral y canonica, 2 folio tomes, Salamanca 1623.

Vincentius Bellovacensis, O.P., French (d. 1264). Under his name was printed Speculum morale, which nevertheless seems to be a compilation of another author. Cf. Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ord. Praed. I, 213 sqq.

Vio, Thomas de (Cajetan), O.P., Italian, Cardinal (1469-1534), a man of most acute intellect and indefatigable labor, wrote, besides the very well-known Commentaries on the Theological Summa, Peccatorum summula in alphabetical order, in 8vo, Rome 1525 and several other times, and very many little works treating moral matters. In choosing opinions Cajetan is usually a very benign author, sometimes defending even false opinions.

Viva, Dominicus, S.J., Italian (1648-1726 [1710]), wrote a rather well-known work, Damnatae theses ab Alexandro VII, Innocentio XI..., 3 volumes in 4to, Naples 1708 and afterward often; all his theological-moral works with observations by Franciscus Zaccaria were published, 8 volumes in 8vo, Ferrara 1757.

Vlaming, Th. M., Dutch, wrote learned and clear Praelectiones de iure matrimonii, 2 volumes in 8vo, 3rd edition, Bussum 1919.

Vogler, Ios., S.J., German (d. 1708), wrote especially De restitutione, in 4to, Ingolstadt 1705; Iuris cultor theologus circa obligationes restitutionis ... instructus, in 8vo, there, 1733.

Vogt, Ios., German, wrote in a succinct style a truly distinguished work, Das kirchliche Eherecht, in 8vo, 3rd edition, Cologne 1910. Besides this he wrote Kirchenvermogensrecht, in 8vo, there, 1903.

W

Waffelaert, G. J., Belgian, bishop of Bruges, published several moral works full of solid doctrine and great learning, for example Tractatus theologici de virtutibus cardinalibus, 3 volumes in 8vo, Bruges 1885-1889; Annotationes in tractatum de virtutibus theologicis, in 8vo, there, 1900; De la science sociale, in 8vo, there, 1894; Sur la malice du mensonge..., in 8vo, there, 1884; Sur l'obligation en conscience des lois civiles, in 8vo, Tournai 1884.

Walsh, G. J., Irish, archbishop of Dublin, wrote the learned and solid work De actibus humanis, Dublin 1880.

Wernz, Franc. Xav., General of the Society of Jesus, German (d. 1914), wrote an altogether distinguished work and very useful also for moral theology, Ius Decretalium, 6 volumes in 8vo, Rome 1898 sqq. New editions are prepared by Vidal.

Wigandt, Martin, O.P., German (d. 1708), wrote the very well-known, useful, and clear work Tribunal confessariorum et ordinandorum, in 4to, Augsburg 1703; this work, very often edited, was afterward revised and enlarged by Franciscus Vidal, O.P., in folio, Venice 1754.

Wiggers, Ioan., Belgian, Professor at Louvain (1571-1639), wrote in a clear and brief style Commentaries on the whole Theological Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas.

Wirceburgenses are the theologians of the Society of Jesus so called: Thomas Holtzclau, Henr. Kilber, Ulr. Munier, Ign. Neubauer; they published a dogmatic and moral theology, 1766-1771. A new edition appeared at Paris 1879-1880 in 10 volumes. The moral part is found in volumes 5-10.

Wirthmuller, Ioan. Bapt., German (d. 1905), wrote, besides other things, Uber das Sittengesetz, Wurzburg 1878; Die moralische Tugend der Religion, Freiburg 1881. This last work is very commendable.

Y

Ysambert, Nicol., French (1642), a distinguished professor of the Sorbonne, wrote Commentaries on the Theological Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas, 6 folio volumes, Paris 1639.

Z

Zaccaria, Franc. Anton., S.J., Italian (1714-1795), is an author of indefatigable labor and perhaps too fecund, since, besides his works not yet edited, 161 printed works are enumerated. He also re-edited with annotations the works of other authors, for example Tamburini, Busenbaum, Lacroix, and Natalis Alexander. For moral theology, mention must be made of his dissertation De casuisticae theologiae originibus, locis ac praestantia. This dissertation, written at the request of St. Alphonsus, treats of the places of moral theology.

Zanardi, Mich., O.P., Italian (1570-1642), wrote, besides other things, Directorium theologorum ac confessariorum, 3 volumes in 8vo, Cremona and Venice 1612-1614. He seems to be an author too benign in moral matters.

Zaninetti, I. Steph., Italian, compiled with great learning Theologia moralis seminariorum usui accommodata, Novara 1908 sq.

Zenner, Fr. Xav., Austrian (d. 1861), wrote the brief and clear Instructio practica confessarii, 6th edition, Vienna 1867.

Zumel, Franc., O. de Merc., Spanish (d. ca. 1607), wrote for moral theology Commentaries on I-II of the Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas, 3 folio volumes, Salamanca 1595. Zumel is a faithful Thomist.