Section II. On the Potential Parts of the Virtue of Justice

Order of treatment. After what has been said concerning the virtue of justice itself, we must treat, following the footsteps of the Angelic Doctor, the potential parts of justice, or the other virtues annexed to justice. Nine or ten such virtues are enumerated, namely, religion, piety, observance, obedience, gratitude, vindication, truth, affability, liberality, and epikeia.¹ Among all these virtues, the virtue of religion holds the first place, since it approaches more nearly to God.² The virtue of religion is annexed to justice as a potential part, because it indeed agrees with justice in the notion of its object, namely, in rendering to another what is due; but it falls short of the perfect mode by which justice attains its object, since it does not render what is due according to strict equality. For religion indeed renders due worship to God, but not according to strict equality, because no creature is able to venerate God as much as is fitting. The due worship to be rendered to God is commanded in the first three precepts of the Decalogue. Hence the treatise on the virtue of religion contains nearly all those things which other manuals treat under these three precepts of the Decalogue. The virtues of piety, observance, and obedience embrace nearly those things which are commanded in the fourth precept of the Decalogue. Hence this second section is suitably subdivided into three questions:

On the virtue of religion (or on the first three precepts of the Decalogue).
On the virtues of piety, observance, and obedience (or on the fourth precept of the Decalogue).
On the remaining potential parts of the virtue of justice.

¹ S. theol. 2, 2, q. 80, a. unic.

² Ibid., q. 81, a. 6.

Justice as a Virtue and Its Parts

Within this section

Question I. On the Virtue of Religion (or on the First Three Precepts of the Decalogue)nn. 323–567
- Chapter I. On the Nature of Religionnn. 323–327
- Chapter II. On the Acts of the Virtue of Religionnn. 328–499
  - Article I. On Devotionnn. 328–330
  - Article II. On Prayernn. 331–381
    § 1. On the Notion and Division of Prayernn. 331–337
    § 2. On the Object of Prayernn. 338–345
    1. What Things Can Be Asked in Prayer?nn. 338–339
    2. For Whom Is Prayer to Be Made?nn. 340–342
    3. To Whom Are Our Prayers to Be Directed?nn. 343–345
    § 3. On the Necessity of Prayernn. 346–348
    § 4. On the Efficacy of Prayer and Its Conditionsnn. 349–359
    § 5. On the Canonical Hours and Certain Other Prayersnn. 360–370
    § 5. The Manner of Reciting the Officenn. 371–381
  - Article III. On Adorationnn. 382–387
  - Article IV. On Vowsnn. 388–435
    § 1. On the Nature and Division of a Vownn. 388–391
    § 2. On the Subject of a Vownn. 392–398
    § 3. On the Object of a Vownn. 399–401
    § 4. On the Obligation of a Vownn. 402–408
    § 5. On the Cessation of a Vow Intrinsicallynn. 409–410
    § 6. On the Cessation of a Vow Through Invalidationnn. 411–419
    § 7. On the Cessation of a Vow (or of Its Obligation) Through Dispensationnn. 420–428
    § 8. On the Cessation of a Vow (or of Its Obligation) Through Commutationnn. 429–435
  - Article V. On the Oathnn. 436–459
    § 1. On the Notion and Division of an Oathnn. 437–438
    § 2. On the Lawfulness of an Oath and Its Requisite Conditionsnn. 439–447
    § 3. On the Obligation of an Oathnn. 448–455
    § 4. On the Violation of an Oath, or Perjurynn. 456–459
  - Article VI. On Adjurationnn. 460–464
  - Article VII. On the Observance of Sunday and Feast Daysnn. 465–499
    § 1. On the Nature and Origin of the Worship to Be Rendered on Sundays and Feast Daysnn. 465–470
    § 2. On the Utility of the Sanctification of Sunday and Feast Daysnn. 471–475
    § 3. On the Precept of Hearing Massnn. 476–487
    § 4. On Cessation from Servile Worksnn. 488–499
- Chapter III. On the Vices Opposed to the Virtue of Religionnn. 500–567
  - Article I. On Superstition in Generaln. 501
  - Article II. On Idolatrynn. 502–505
  - Article III. On Divinationnn. 506–513
  - Article IV. On Vain Observancenn. 514–517
  - Article V. On Magic and Maleficenn. 518–519
  - Article VI. On Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Spiritismnn. 520–525
  - Article VII. On the Tempting of Godnn. 526–528
  - Article VIII. On Blasphemynn. 529–535
  - Article IX. On Sacrilegenn. 536–554
    § 1. On Sacrilege in Generalnn. 536–539
    § 2. On Personal Sacrilegenn. 540–544
    § 3. On Local Sacrilegenn. 545–550
    § 4. On Real Sacrilegenn. 551–554
  - Article X. On Simonynn. 555–567
    § 1. On the Nature, Division, and Malice of Simonynn. 555–560
    § 2. On Simony of Divine Lawnn. 561–563
    § 3. On Simony of Ecclesiastical Lawn. 564
    § 4. On the Penalties of Simoniacsnn. 565–567
Question II. On the Virtues of Piety, Observance, and Obedience, or on the Fourth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 568–604
- Chapter I. On Piety, Observance, and Obedience in Generalnn. 569–579
  - Article I. On Pietynn. 569–571
  - Article II. On Observancenn. 572–574
  - Article III. On Obediencenn. 575–579
- Chapter II. On the Same Virtues as They Must Be Observed by Children, Parents, Etcnn. 580–604
  - Article I. On the Obligations of Children Toward Parentsnn. 580–586
  - Article II. On the Obligations of Parents Toward Childrennn. 587–590
  - Article III. On the Obligations of Spousesnn. 591–594
  - Article IV. On the Obligations of Masters and Servantsnn. 595–596
  - Article V. On the Obligations of Teachers and Pupilsnn. 597–598
  - Article VI. On the Obligations of Rulers and Subjectsnn. 599–604
Question III. On the Other Virtues Annexed to Justice, Namely, Gratitude, Vindication, Affability, Liberality, and Epikeiann. 605–619
- Article I. On Gratitudenn. 605–609
- Article II. On Vindicationnn. 610–611
- Article III. On Affabilitynn. 612–614
- Article IV. On Liberalitynn. 615–616
- Article V. On Epikeia or Equitynn. 617–619