Question Second. On the Cardinal Virtues.

262. Cardinal virtues can be considered in three ways: a. As special virtues, distinct among themselves and from others, namely insofar as their object is restricted to a determined matter in which a special honesty shines forth.

b. As general virtues, or as four genera of virtues, which contain other moral virtues under themselves. Thus every virtue which brings it about that operations are directed according to reason is called prudence; every virtue which brings it about that operations are exact according to what is due is called justice; every virtue which restrains the passions is called temperance; every virtue which renders the soul firm against any difficulties whatever is called fortitude.

c. As general properties, which must in some way be present in every virtue: for every virtue must be prudent in operating, lest it err through lack of consideration; just, so that it renders what it owes to God, neighbor, and the one operating himself; brave, so that it persists constantly in good and yields to no difficulties; temperate, so that in all things it preserves moderation (the mean) and does not exceed the mode prescribed by reason.