Book Sixth. On the Seventh Precept of the Decalogue

¶1.

¹ ² "Thou shalt not steal." Ex. 20:15.

This precept, insofar as it is negative, prohibits every act by which the neighbor's right in goods of fortune is injured; and insofar as it is affirmative, it commands that to each one be rendered his own right which he has in goods of fortune. To the seventh precept the tenth must be joined: "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house ... nor anything that is his."³ For just as external acts are prohibited by the seventh precept, so by the tenth internal acts are prohibited, namely the will of harming the neighbor in goods of fortune. Therefore the virtue which this precept regards is commutative justice, insofar as its object is the neighbor's right in goods of fortune; and since this right is called right of ownership, there must be treated: a. ownership in goods of fortune; b. injury of ownership in goods of fortune; c. reparation of injured ownership.

¹ Concerning the sixth and ninth precepts of the Decalogue the matter is treated in a fascicle edited separately.

² Ioan. de Lugo, De iustitia et iure, tom. I. Lud. Molina, De iustitia et iure, tom. I. L. Lessius, De iustitia et iure, l. 2, c. 1-16. I. Reuter, Theologia moralis, pars III, De iustitia et iure. L. Carriere, De iustitia et iure, 3 tom. (Lovanii: Fonteyn, 1845-1847). I. Vogler, Iuris cultor^3 etc. (Parisiis: Mequignon, 1833). P. H. Marres, De iustitia^2 (Ruraemundae: Romen, 1879). D. Delama, Tractatus de iustitia et iure^3 (Tridenti: Monauni, 1889). G. I. Waffelaert, Tractatus theologici de virtutibus cardinalibus, Tr. II, De iustitia (Brugis: Beyaert, 1885). Ballerini-Palmieri, Opus theol. morale^3, III, n. 1-550. A. Lehmkuhl, Theologia moralis^10, I, n. 884-1044. I. E. Pruner, Die Lehre vom Rechte und von der Gerechtigkeit (Regensburg: Manz, 1858), 2 Bd. Ios. Schwane, Die Gerechtigkeit u. s. w. (Freiburg: Herder, 1873). Georg Crolly, De iustitia et iure (Dublini: Gill, 1877), 3 vol. K. Kiefer, Die Tugend der ausgleichenden Gerechtigkeit (Eichstatt: Bronner, 1908).

³ Ex. 20:17.

Theft and Unjust Damage

Within this book

Preliminary Question. On the Force of Civil Law in the Matter of Justicenn. 355–356
Chapter First. On Ownershipnn. 357–407
- Question First. On Ownership in Generalnn. 357–367
  - Article First. On the Nature of Ownershipnn. 357–366
  - Article Third. On the Subject of Ownershipn. 367
- Question Second. On Ownership in External Thingsnn. 368–381
  - Article First. On the Origin of Ownership in External Thingsn. 368
  - Article Second. On Possessionnn. 369–371
  - Article Third. On the Ownership of Sons Under Family Powernn. 372–375
  - Article Fourth. On the Ownership of Spousesnn. 376–378
  - Article Fifth. On the Ownership of Authorsn. 379
  - Article Sixth. On the Ownership of Clericsnn. 380–381
- Question Third. On the Acquisition of Ownershipnn. 382–407
  - Article First. On Occupationnn. 383–396
  - Article Fourth. On Labornn. 397–398
  - Article Fifth. On Prescriptionnn. 399–407
Chapter Second. On the Injury of Ownershipnn. 408–430
- Question First. On Injury in Generalnn. 408–412
- Question Second. On the Unjust Taking Away of a Thingnn. 413–428
  - Article First. On the Nature of Theftnn. 414–428
    Section 1. Extreme Necessitynn. 424–425
    Section 2. Hidden Compensationnn. 426–428
- Question Third. On Unjust Damagingnn. 429–430
Chapter Third. On the Reparation of Injured Ownershipnn. 431–522
- Question First. On Restitution in Generalnn. 431–452
  - Article First. On the Possessor in Good Faithnn. 437–442
  - Article Second. On the Possessor in Bad Faithnn. 443–449
  - Article Third. On the Possessor in Doubtful Faithnn. 450–452
- Question Third. On Restitution Because of Unjust Damagingnn. 453–476
  - Article First. Required Conditionsnn. 454–459
    Section 1. A Truly Unjust Actionn. 455
    Section 2. An Efficacious Cause of Damagenn. 456–457
    Section 3. Theologically Culpablenn. 458–459
  - Article Second. On Doubtful Damaging or Damaging Performed with Errornn. 460–463
  - Article Third. On Certain Acts of Damaging in Particularnn. 464–476
    Section 1. On Damaging in Spiritual Goodsn. 464
    Section 2. On Damaging Because of Homicidenn. 465–468
    Section 3. On Damaging Because of Stuprum or Fornicationnn. 469–471
    Section 4. On Damaging Because of Adulterynn. 472–474
    Section 5. On Damaging Because of Injured Law of Military Servicen. 475
    Section 6. On Damaging Because of Defrauded Taxesn. 476
- Question Fourth. On Restitution Because of Unjust Cooperationnn. 477–501
  - Article First. On Unjust Cooperation in Generalnn. 477–479
  - Article Second. On the One Commandingnn. 480–482
  - Article Third. On the One Counselingnn. 483–488
  - Article Fourth. On the One Consentingnn. 489–491
  - Article Fifth. On the Flatterer, the Receiver, and the Participantnn. 492–494
  - Article Sixth. On Negative Cooperationsnn. 495–501
    Section 1. On the Quantity of Restitutionnn. 498–499
    Section 2. On the Order of Restitutionnn. 500–501
- Question Fifth. On the Circumstances of Restitutionnn. 502–513
  - Article Second. In What Order Restitution Must Be Madenn. 505–508
    Section 1. The Order Among Creditors from Positive Lawnn. 505–506
    Section 2. The Order Among Creditors from Natural Lawnn. 507–508
  - Article Third. How Restitution Must Be Madenn. 509–512
  - Article Fourth. When Restitution Must Be Maden. 513
- Question Sixth. On Causes Excusing from Restitutionnn. 514–522
  - Article First. On Condonationn. 515
  - Article Second. On Impotencenn. 516–517
  - Article Third. On Cession of Goodsnn. 518–519
  - Article Fourth. On Compositionnn. 520–522
Chapter Fourth. On Contractsnn. 523–633
- Question First. On Contracts in Generalnn. 523–617
  - Article First. On the Nature of Contractsnn. 523–524
  - Article Second. On the Matter of Contractsnn. 525–527
  - Article Third. On Capable Personsnn. 528–537
    Section 1. On the Qualities of Consentnn. 530–533
    Section 2. On the Vices of Consentnn. 534–537
  - Article Fifth. On the Cause of Consentn. 538
  - Article Sixth. On the Obligation of Contractsnn. 539–545
  - Article First. On Promisenn. 546–547
  - Article Second. On Donationnn. 548–563
    Section 1. On Hereditary Successionnn. 552–555
    Section 2. On Last Wills Themselvesnn. 556–559
    Section 3. On Testaments Themselvesnn. 560–563
  - Article First. On Depositnn. 564–567
  - Article Second. On Commodatumnn. 568–570
  - Article Third. On Mandatenn. 571–574
  - Article Fourth. On Mutuumnn. 575–586
    Section 1. On the Nature of Mutuumnn. 575–578
    Section 2. On Pecuniary Mutuumnn. 579–581
    Section 3. On Interest and Usurynn. 582–584
    Section 4. On the Prohibition of Usurynn. 585–586
  - Article Fifth. On Purchase and Salenn. 587–606
    Section 1. On Purchase and Sale in Generalnn. 587–588
    Section 2. On the Obligations of Seller and Buyernn. 589–593
    Section 3. On the Just Pricenn. 594–599
    Section 4. On Sales in Speciesnn. 600–606
  - Article Sixth. On Locationnn. 607–613
    Section 1. On Locationn. 608
    Section 2. On Hiringnn. 609–612
    Section 3. On Hiring of a Workn. 613
  - Article Seventh. On the Contract of Partnershipnn. 614–615
  - Article Eighth. On Exchange of Moneynn. 616–617
- Question Fourth. On Aleatory Contractsnn. 618–633
  - Article First. On Wageringnn. 619–621
  - Article Second. On Gamenn. 622–624
  - Article Third. On Lotterynn. 625–626
  - Article Fourth. On Insurancenn. 627–631
    On Life Insurancenn. 630–631
  - Article Fifth. On Stock-Exchange Speculationsnn. 632–633