Book II. On the Exercise of the Christian Life, or on the Cultivation of the Virtues

After in general moral theology, that is, in the first book, we have discussed the general principles of the Christian life, now we must speak of the exercise of the Christian life, or the cultivation of the virtues, that is, of eliciting acts of the virtues. Now of the virtues, some are immediately, at least principally (on virtues, n. 352), occupied around God, as He is author and end of the supernatural order; others immediately regard the morally good good of an intermediate end (n. 367). The former are called theological, the latter moral. Therefore we must speak first of the cultivation of the theological virtues, then of the cultivation of the moral virtues.

The Commandments of the Church

Within this book

Treatise I. On the Cultivation of the Theological Virtuesnn. 484–573
- Dissertation I. On the Cultivation of Faithnn. 487–510
  - Part I. On the Necessity of the Act of Faithnn. 488–490
    Section I. On Necessity of Meansn. 488
    Section II. On Necessity of Preceptnn. 489–490
    Chapter I. On the Precept of the Internal Actn. 489
    Chapter II. On the Precept of the External Act, or Profession of Faithn. 490
  - Part II. On Sins Against Faithnn. 491–510
    Section I. On Sins Against the Precept of the Internal Actnn. 491–495
    Section II. On Sins Against the Precept of the External Actnn. 496–503
    Scholion. On Penalties Against Heretics, Apostates, and Schismaticsnn. 501–503
    Section III. On Dangers of Faithnn. 504–510
    Scholion. On the Propagation of Faithn. 510
- Dissertation II. On the Cultivation of Hopenn. 511–515
  - Part I. On the Necessity of the Act of Hopenn. 512–513
  - Part II. On Sins Against Hopenn. 514–515
- Dissertation III. On the Cultivation of Charitynn. 516–573
  - Part I. On the Cultivation of Charity Generallynn. 517–518
  - Part II. On the Cultivation of Charity Toward Godnn. 519–520
  - Part III. On the Cultivation of Charity Toward Selfnn. 521–528
    Section I. On the Precept of Charity Toward Selfnn. 521–522
    Section II. On Sins Opposed to Charity Toward Selfnn. 523–528
    Scholion. On the Use of Some Harmful Thingsn. 528
  - Part IV. On the Cultivation of Charity Toward Neighbornn. 529–570
    Section I. On Prescribed Actsnn. 529–541
    Chapter I. On Prescribed Acts Generallyn. 529
    Chapter II. On Acts of Helping One's Neighbor Specificallynn. 530–541
    Article I. On Almsgivingnn. 531–535
    Article II. On Fraternal Correctionnn. 536–539
    Article III. On Certain Other Works of Spiritual Mercynn. 540–541
    Section II. On Sins Against Charity Toward Neighbornn. 542–570
    Chapter I. On Internal Sinsnn. 542–544
    Scholion. On the Manner of Acting with Enemiesn. 544
    Chapter II. On External Sinsnn. 545–570
    Article I. On Scandalnn. 546–553
    Article II. On Cooperationnn. 554–566
    § I. Principlesnn. 554–556
    § II. Applicationsnn. 557–566
    Point I. Diverse Cooperations, Considered according to the Diversity of the Evil in which One Concursnn. 557–563
    Point II. Different Cooperations, Considered according to the Different Condition of Those Cooperatingnn. 564–566
    Article III. On Certain Other Sins Against Charity Toward Neighbornn. 567–570
  - Part V. On Order in the Cultivation of Charitynn. 571–573
    Section I. On the Order of Charity Between God and Creaturen. 571
    Section II. On the Order of Charity Between Ourselves and Our Neighborsn. 572
    Section III. On the Order of Charity Among Neighborsn. 573
Treatise II. On the Cultivation of the Moral Virtuesnn. 574–1268
- Dissertation I. On the Precepts of the Decaloguenn. 574–1091
  - Part I. On the First Precept of the Decaloguenn. 575–631
    Section I. On the Prescribed Actsnn. 577–588
    Chapter I. On Devotionnn. 577–579
    Chapter II. On Prayernn. 580–587
    Article I. On Meditative Prayern. 581
    Article II. On Deprecative Prayernn. 582–587
    Chapter III. On Adorationn. 588
    Section II. On Opposed Vicesnn. 589–631
    Chapter I. On Superstitionnn. 590–605
    Article I. On Vicious Worship of Godn. 591
    Article II. On Vicious Worship of a Creaturenn. 592–605
    § I. On Idolatrynn. 592–594
    § II. On Superstitious Observancenn. 595–605
    Point I. On Superstitious Observance in Generalnn. 595–598
    Point II. On Superstitious Observances in Particularnn. 599–605
    Scholion I. On Hypnotismnn. 602–603
    Scholion II. On Spiritismnn. 604–605
    Chapter II. On Irreligiositynn. 606–631
    Article I. On the Temptation of Godnn. 607–609
    Article II. On Sacrilegenn. 610–619
    § I. On Sacrilege in Generalnn. 610–612
    § II. On Sacrileges in Particularnn. 613–619
    Point I. On Personal Sacrilegenn. 613–614
    Point II. On Local Sacrilegenn. 615–616
    Point III. On Real Sacrilegenn. 617–619
    Scholion. On Penalties Against Sacrilegious Personsn. 619
    Article III. On Simonynn. 620–631
    Scholion. On the Worship of the Heavenly Citizens, Images, and Relicsnn. 629–631
  - Part II. On the Second Precept of the Decaloguenn. 632–700
    Section I. On Praisenn. 632–638
    Chapter I. On the Usefulness and Modes of Praising Godn. 633
    Chapter II. On the Sin Chiefly Opposed to Praise, or on Blasphemynn. 634–638
    Section II. On the Vownn. 639–681
    Chapter I. On the Notion, Division, and Morality of a Vownn. 639–641
    Chapter II. On the Requisites for a Vownn. 642–643
    Chapter III. On the Obligation of a Vownn. 644–650
    Chapter IV. On the Cessation of a Vownn. 651–681
    Article I. On Simple Cessationnn. 652–655
    Article II. On Irritationnn. 656–662
    Article III. On Suspensionnn. 663–667
    Article IV. On Dispensationnn. 668–672
    Article V. On Commutationnn. 673–681
    Scholion. On Reserved Vowsnn. 678–681
    Section III. On the Oathnn. 682–694
    Chapter 1. On the Oath Generallynn. 682–685
    Chapter II. On the Promissory Oath Specificallynn. 686–694
    Scholion. On the Fictitious Oathnn. 691–694
    Section IV. On Adjurationnn. 695–700
  - Part III. On the Third Precept of the Decaloguenn. 701–707
    Section I. On Hearing Massnn. 702–704
    Section II. On Cessation from Servile Worksnn. 705–707
  - Part IV. On the Fourth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 708–729
    Section I. On the Duties of Children Toward Parentsnn. 709–711
    Section II. On the Duties of Parents Toward Childrennn. 712–715
    Scholion I. On Non-Catholic Schoolsn. 714
    Scholion II. On Coeducationn. 715
    Section III. On the Mutual Duties Both of Other Blood-Relatives and of Spousesnn. 716–718
    Scholion. On the Emancipation of Womenn. 718
    Section IV. On the Duties of Household Masters and Domestic Servantsnn. 719–720
    Section V. On the Duties of Employers and Non-Domestic Servants, or Workersnn. 721–723
    Section VI. On the Duties of Teachers and Pupilsnn. 724–725
    Section VII. On the Duties of Civil Rulers and Subjectsnn. 726–727
    Section VIII. On the Duties of Electors and Deputiesnn. 728–729
  - Part V. On the Fifth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 730–751
    Section I. On the Killing of an Innocent Personnn. 731–740
    Chapter I. On the Killing of an Innocent Person in Generaln. 731
    Chapter II. On the Killing of a Fetus in Particularnn. 732–740
    Article I. On Abortionnn. 732–736
    Article II. On Embryotomy, Etcnn. 737–740
    Scholion. On Mutilation, Imprisonment, and Beating of an Innocent Personn. 740
    Section II. On the Killing of a Criminalnn. 741–742
    Scholion. On Mutilation and Beating of a Criminaln. 742
    Section III. On the Killing of an Unjust Aggressornn. 743–751
    Scholion I. On Duelingnn. 747–750
    Scholion II. On Warn. 751
  - Part VI. On the Sixth and Ninth Precepts of the Decaloguen. 752
  - Part VII. On the Seventh and Tenth Precepts of the Decaloguenn. 753–1045
    Section I. On Commutative Justice Itselfnn. 758–974
    Chapter I. On Commutative Justice Generallynn. 758–827
    Article I. On the Nature and Division of Commutative Justicenn. 758–759
    Article II. On the Objects of Commutative Justice, or on Strict Rightsnn. 760–827
    § I. On Strict Rights Considered in Themselvesnn. 760–777
    Point I. On Ownership Generallynn. 760–766
    I. On the Notion, Division, Legitimacy, and Necessity of Ownershipnn. 760–763
    Scholion. On High or Eminent Ownershipn. 764
    II. On the Objects of Ownershipnn. 765–766
    Point II. On Limited Ownershipsnn. 767–777
    I. On Usufructnn. 767–770
    II. On Usen. 771
    III. On Servitudenn. 772–774
    IV. On Possessionnn. 775–777
    § II. On the Different Subjects of Strict Rightsnn. 778–787
    Point I. On the Ownership of Children of the Familyn. 778
    Point II. On the Ownership of Spousesn. 779
    Point III. On the Ownership of Clericsnn. 780–781
    Point IV. On the Ownership of Religiousnn. 782–784
    Point V. On the Ownership of Moral Personsnn. 785–787
    § III. On the Modes of Acquiring Strict Rightsnn. 788–827
    Point I. On Occupationnn. 789–798
    I. On the Occupation of Animalsnn. 791–794
    II. On the Occupation of Treasurenn. 795–796
    III. On the Occupation of Lost Thingsnn. 797–798
    Point II. On Production and Specificationnn. 799–802
    Point III. On Accessionnn. 803–804
    Point IV. On Prescriptionnn. 805–811
    I. On Prescription Generallynn. 805–807
    II. On Acquisitive Prescriptionn. 808
    III. On Liberative Prescriptionnn. 809–810
    Scholion. On Prescription for Ecclesiastical Goodsn. 811
    Point V. On Hereditary Successionnn. 812–827
    I. On Hereditary Succession Generallynn. 812–817
    II. On Testamentary Successionnn. 818–822
    Scholion. On Legaciesnn. 823–824
    III. On Legal Succession or Succession Ab Intestaton. 825
    Scholion I. On a Testament and Legacy for Pious Causesn. 826
    Scholion II. Practical Warningsn. 827
    Chapter II. On Commutative Justice in Contractsnn. 828–974
    Article I. On Contracts Generallynn. 828–861
    § I. On the Notion and Division of Contractnn. 828–829
    § II. On the Subject of Contractnn. 830–831
    § III. On the Object of Contractnn. 832–833
    § IV. On the Intrinsic Form of Contract, or on Consentnn. 834–842
    Point I. On the Qualities of Consentn. 834
    Point II. On the Obstacles of Consentnn. 835–842
    I. Errornn. 836–837
    II. Fearnn. 838–840
    Scholion. Lesionnn. 841–842
    § V. On the Extrinsic Form of Contractnn. 843–844
    § VI. On the Effects of Contractnn. 845–861
    Point I. On the Effects of a Contract under a Conditionnn. 847–849
    Point II. On the Effects of a Contract under a Modenn. 850–851
    Point III. On the Effects of a Contract for a Causenn. 852–853
    Point IV. On the Effects of a Contract for a Dayn. 854
    Point V. On the Effects of an Alternative Contractn. 855
    Point VI. On the Effects of a Contract under a Penaltynn. 856–857
    Point VII. On the Effects of a Contract Confirmed by Oathnn. 858–861
    Scholion. On a Contract Void by Civil Lawnn. 859–861
    Article II. On Contracts in Speciesnn. 862–974
    § I. On Promisenn. 862–865
    § II. On Donationnn. 866–876
    Scholion. On Donation for a Pious Causenn. 873–876
    § III. On Deposit and Sequestrationnn. 877–880
    § IV. On Commodatum and Precariumnn. 881–883
    § V. On Mutuumnn. 884–891
    Scholion. On Monts-De-Piete and Savings Banksnn. 890–891
    § VI. On Buying and Sellingnn. 892–905
    Point I. On Buying and Selling Generallynn. 892–899
    Point II. On Some Buyings and Sellings in Speciesnn. 900–905
    Scholion. On the Sale of Ecclesiastical Goodsn. 905
    § VII. On Letting-Hiringnn. 906–924
    Point I. On the Letting-Hiring of Thingsnn. 907–911
    Scholion. On the Letting-Hiring of Ecclesiastical Thingsn. 911
    Point II. On the Letting of Work, or on the Contract of Rendering Worknn. 912–919
    Scholion. On the Contract of Rendering Certain Servicesn. 919
    Point III. On the Letting of a Work, or on the Contract of Rendering a Worknn. 920–924
    Scholion. On Labornn. 922–924
    § VIII. On Censusnn. 925–927
    § IX. On the Partnership Contractnn. 928–931
    § X. On Mandate and the Management of Affairsnn. 932–937
    § XI. On Exchangenn. 938–940
    § XII. On Aleatory Contractsnn. 941–958
    Point I. On Insurancenn. 941–946
    Point II. On Gamingnn. 947–949
    Point III. On Wageringnn. 950–951
    Point IV. On Drawing Lotsnn. 952–953
    Point V. On Stock-Exchange Gamesnn. 954–956
    Point VI. On Settlement and Arbitrationnn. 957–958
    § XIII. On Subsidiary Contractsnn. 959–974
    Point I. On Suretyshipnn. 959–963
    Point II. On Pledgenn. 964–967
    Point III. On Hypothecnn. 968–974
    Scholion. On the Alienation of Ecclesiastical Thingsnn. 973–974
    Section II. On Injustice and on Restitutionnn. 975–1045
    Chapter I. On Injustice in Commonnn. 976–978
    Chapter II. On Restitution in Commonnn. 979–1025
    Article I. Notion, Obligation, and Titles of Restitutionnn. 979–981
    Article II. The Subject and Object of Restitutionnn. 982–1009
    § I. On Unjust Possessorsnn. 982–992
    Point I. On the Possessor in Good Faithnn. 983–985
    Point II. On the Possessor in Bad Faithnn. 986–990
    Point III. On the Possessor in Doubtful Faithnn. 991–992
    § II. On Those who Merely Inflicted Damagenn. 993–995
    § III. On Those who Impede Another from Obtaining a Goodn. 996
    § IV. On Those who Cooperate in Injusticenn. 997–1009
    Point I. On Positive Cooperatorsnn. 998–1004
    I. On the One Commandingn. 999
    II. On the One Counselingn. 1000
    III. On the One Consentingn. 1001
    IV. On the Flatterern. 1002
    V. On the Receivern. 1003
    VI. On the Participantn. 1004
    Point II. On Negative Cooperatorsn. 1005
    Point III. On the Measure and Order by which Cooperators Are Held to Restitutionnn. 1006–1009
    Scholion I. On the Doubtful Damagern. 1008
    Scholion II. On Juridical Fault; Likewise on a Contract or Law Interveningn. 1009
    Article III. The Person to whom Restitution Is to Be Madenn. 1010–1013
    Scholion. On the Case in which Someone Cannot Satisfy All Creditorsnn. 1012–1013
    Article IV. The Time of Restitutionn. 1014
    Article V. The Place of Restitutionn. 1015
    Article VI. The Mode of Restitutionn. 1016
    Article VII. Causes Extinguishing or Suspending the Obligation of Restitutionnn. 1017–1025
    § I. Causes Extinguishing the Obligationnn. 1017–1020
    § II. Causes Suspending the Obligationnn. 1021–1025
    Scholion. On Juridical Delay of Payment, on Voluntary Cession of Goods, and on Cession in Courtnn. 1023–1025
    Chapter III. On Injustice and Restitution in Particular Casesnn. 1026–1045
    Article I. On Goods of Fortunenn. 1026–1034
    § I. On Theftnn. 1026–1034
    Point I. On Theft in Generalnn. 1026–1028
    Point II. On Minor Thefts in Particularnn. 1029–1031
    Point III. On Causes Excusing the Taking Away of Another's Thingnn. 1032–1033
    Point IV. On Mere Damaging in Goods of Fortunen. 1034
    Article II. On Goods of the Bodynn. 1035–1037
    Article III. On Goods of the Soulnn. 1038–1039
    Article IV. On the Good of Chastity and Modestynn. 1040–1045
    § I. On Stuprumnn. 1040–1041
    Scholion. On the Obligation of the Man Committing Stuprum and of the Woman Subjected to It with Respect to Offspringn. 1041
    § II. On Adulterynn. 1042–1045
    Article V. On the Good of Reputation, Honor, Secrecy, and Truth
  - Appendix I. On Distributive Justice in Particularnn. 1046–1048
  - Appendix II. On Legal Justicenn. 1049–1061
    I. On Taxesnn. 1051–1055
    II. On Succession Taxnn. 1056–1058
    III. On Military Servicenn. 1059–1060
    IV. On the Observance of Other Social Lawsn. 1061
  - Part VIII. On the Eighth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 1062–1091
    Section I. On the Injury of Truth, or on Lyingnn. 1062–1065
    Section II. On the Injury of Reputationnn. 1066–1079
    Chapter I. On Detractionnn. 1066–1075
    Article I. On the Notion, Division, and Morality of Detractionnn. 1066–1069
    Article II. On Causes Excusing Detractionn. 1070
    Article III. On Restitution on Account of Detractionnn. 1071–1074
    Article IV. On the One Hearing Detractionn. 1075
    Chapter II. On Rash Judgment, Opinion, and Doubtnn. 1076–1079
    Scholion. On Whisperingnn. 1078–1079
    Section III. On the Injury of Honor, or on Insultnn. 1080–1086
    Scholion. On Derisionnn. 1084–1086
    Section IV. On Injury of a Secretnn. 1087–1091
- Dissertation II. On the Precepts of the Churchnn. 1092–1129
  - Part I. On Abstinence and Fastingnn. 1093–1103
    Section I. On the Law of Abstinencenn. 1094–1098
    Section II. On the Law of Fastingnn. 1099–1103
  - Part II. On Annual Confessionnn. 1104–1107
  - Part III. On Easter Communionnn. 1108–1112
  - Part IV. On the Prior Censorship of Books and their Prohibitionnn. 1113–1129
    Section I. On the Prior Censorship of Booksnn. 1115–1117
    Section II. On the Prohibition of Booksnn. 1118–1124
    Chapter I. On the Prohibition Itselfnn. 1118–1119
    Chapter II. On Prohibited Booksnn. 1120–1121
    Article I. On Books Prohibited by the Law Itselfn. 1120
    Article II. On Books Prohibited by Particular Decreen. 1121
    Chapter III. On Exemption from the Prohibiting Law, and on Permission to Use Prohibited Booksnn. 1122–1124
    Section III. On Penal Sanctionsnn. 1125–1129
    Scholion. On the Cremation of Bodiesnn. 1126–1129
- Dissertation III. On the Precepts or Duties of the States of Lifenn. 1130–1268
  - Part I. On the Duties of Certain Secular Personsnn. 1130–1149
    Section I. On Judgesnn. 1130–1137
    Section II. On Jurorsn. 1138
    Section III. On the Accuser and Denunciatornn. 1139–1140
    Section IV. On Advocatesnn. 1141–1147
    Scholion I. On the Accusednn. 1142–1145
    Scholion II. On Witnessesnn. 1146–1147
    Section V. On Physicians and Notariesnn. 1148–1149
  - Part II. On the Duties of Clericsnn. 1150–1210
    Section I. Preliminary Notesnn. 1150–1156
    Scholion. On the Reduction of a Cleric to the Lay Statenn. 1154–1156
    Section II. On the Duties of Clericsnn. 1157–1210
    Chapter I. On the Duties of Clerics Generallynn. 1157–1203
    Article I. On Positive Dutiesnn. 1158–1169
    Scholion. On Celibacynn. 1165–1169
    Article II. On Negative Dutiesnn. 1170–1188
    Scholion. On the Buying and Selling of Bonds and Sharesnn. 1187–1188
    Article III. On the Duty of Reciting the Canonical Hours Specificallynn. 1189–1203
    § I. On the Object of the Preceptnn. 1190–1191
    Point I. On the Matter to Be Recitedn. 1190
    Point II. On the Time and Manner of Recitingn. 1191
    § II. On the Subject of the Preceptn. 1192
    § III. On the Obligation of the Preceptn. 1193
    § IV. On the Causes Excusing from the Obligationnn. 1194–1203
    Scholion I. On Choral Recitationnn. 1198–1202
    Scholion II. On Recitation with a Companionn. 1203
    Chapter II. On the Duties of Certain Clerics Specificallynn. 1204–1210
    Article I. On the Duties of Beneficiaries in Generalnn. 1204–1206
    Article II. On the Duties of Parish Priests in Particularnn. 1207–1208
    Article III. On the Duties of Assistants of Parish Priests in Particularnn. 1209–1210
  - Part III. On the Duties of Religiousnn. 1211–1268
    Section I. Preliminary Notesnn. 1211–1233
    Chapter I. On the Religious Statenn. 1211–1214
    Chapter II. On Religionnn. 1215–1218
    Chapter III. On Admission into Religionnn. 1219–1233
    Article I. On Vocation to Religionnn. 1219–1222
    Article II. On Admission Itself into Religionnn. 1223–1233
    § I. On Postulancyn. 1223
    § II. On the Novitiatenn. 1224–1227
    § III. On Religious Professionnn. 1228–1233
    Scholion. On Profession in Danger of Deathn. 1233
    Section II. On the Duties of Religiousnn. 1234–1268
    Chapter I. On the Substantial Duties of Religiousnn. 1234–1258
    Article I. On the Pursuit of Acquiring Perfectionnn. 1235–1236
    Article II. On the Observance of Vowsnn. 1237–1255
    § I. On the Vow of Povertynn. 1237–1248
    Scholion. On Common Lifenn. 1246–1248
    § II. On the Vow of Chastitynn. 1249–1252
    § III. On the Vow of Obediencenn. 1253–1255
    Article III. On the Observance of Rules and Constitutionsnn. 1256–1258
    Chapter II. On Certain Other Dutiesnn. 1259–1268
    Scholion. On the Privileges of Religiousn. 1268