Chapter II. On External Sins

External sins against charity toward neighbor - besides omission of due external acts - are especially scandal and cooperation in evil. These, if they are taken strictly, differ according to authors to this extent: scandal in some way determines another to sin; cooperation, however, concurs in the sin of another already determined to sin. Yet rather often it happens that both concur in one action, so that, for judging the morality of the action, attention must be paid to the character both of scandal and of cooperation.