Treatise II. On the Cultivation of the Moral Virtues

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¶1.

Although, theory alone considered, in this dissertation the acts of the individual virtues would have had to be set forth, nevertheless, the matter having been considered again, we judge that we must withdraw from that plan - even though already put into execution - and rather discuss the precepts of the Decalogue, the precepts of the Church, and the precepts or duties of states. Now we think thus first because, on the one hand, the cultivation of the moral virtues, insofar as it needs special treatment for the care of souls, is presented by the treatment of the said precepts, at least if the acts to be exercised are explained no less than the sins to be avoided; on the other hand, this method conduces much more to the end chiefly intended, that is, to the formation of good confessors. There is added that several matters seem to have to be set forth in one treatment, which nevertheless pertain to different virtues and therefore, if the other method were admitted, would have to be treated separately. Thus, for example, the duties of parents and children: the former pertain to charity, the others partly to piety, partly to observance; thus the duties of states of life, which are so diverse and manifold that they must be referred to almost all the virtues; and so forth. Add that the method employed by us corresponds especially well to catechetical instruction,¹ and to the method of confessing born from it. Finally it seems not to be passed over that the Decalogue was promulgated by the Lord himself and proposed to the human race as the fundamental law; hence for this reason also one should not so easily withdraw from precisely its exposition. Yet let each abound in his own sense.

With these things premised, we shall speak first of the precepts of the Decalogue, then of the precepts of the Church, and finally of the precepts or duties of states of life.

¹ Also the Catechismus Catholicus, edited in 1930 by Cardinal Gasparri.

The Commandments of God

Within this part

Dissertation I. On the Precepts of the Decaloguenn. 574–1091
- Part I. On the First Precept of the Decaloguenn. 575–631
  - Section I. On the Prescribed Actsnn. 577–588
    Chapter I. On Devotionnn. 577–579
    Chapter II. On Prayernn. 580–587
    Article I. On Meditative Prayern. 581
    Article II. On Deprecative Prayernn. 582–587
    Chapter III. On Adorationn. 588
  - Section II. On Opposed Vicesnn. 589–631
    Chapter I. On Superstitionnn. 590–605
    Article I. On Vicious Worship of Godn. 591
    Article II. On Vicious Worship of a Creaturenn. 592–605
    § I. On Idolatrynn. 592–594
    § II. On Superstitious Observancenn. 595–605
    Point I. On Superstitious Observance in Generalnn. 595–598
    Point II. On Superstitious Observances in Particularnn. 599–605
    Scholion I. On Hypnotismnn. 602–603
    Scholion II. On Spiritismnn. 604–605
    Chapter II. On Irreligiositynn. 606–631
    Article I. On the Temptation of Godnn. 607–609
    Article II. On Sacrilegenn. 610–619
    § I. On Sacrilege in Generalnn. 610–612
    § II. On Sacrileges in Particularnn. 613–619
    Point I. On Personal Sacrilegenn. 613–614
    Point II. On Local Sacrilegenn. 615–616
    Point III. On Real Sacrilegenn. 617–619
    Scholion. On Penalties Against Sacrilegious Personsn. 619
    Article III. On Simonynn. 620–631
    Scholion. On the Worship of the Heavenly Citizens, Images, and Relicsnn. 629–631
- Part II. On the Second Precept of the Decaloguenn. 632–700
  - Section I. On Praisenn. 632–638
    Chapter I. On the Usefulness and Modes of Praising Godn. 633
    Chapter II. On the Sin Chiefly Opposed to Praise, or on Blasphemynn. 634–638
  - Section II. On the Vownn. 639–681
    Chapter I. On the Notion, Division, and Morality of a Vownn. 639–641
    Chapter II. On the Requisites for a Vownn. 642–643
    Chapter III. On the Obligation of a Vownn. 644–650
    Chapter IV. On the Cessation of a Vownn. 651–681
    Article I. On Simple Cessationnn. 652–655
    Article II. On Irritationnn. 656–662
    Article III. On Suspensionnn. 663–667
    Article IV. On Dispensationnn. 668–672
    Article V. On Commutationnn. 673–681
    Scholion. On Reserved Vowsnn. 678–681
  - Section III. On the Oathnn. 682–694
    Chapter 1. On the Oath Generallynn. 682–685
    Chapter II. On the Promissory Oath Specificallynn. 686–694
    Scholion. On the Fictitious Oathnn. 691–694
  - Section IV. On Adjurationnn. 695–700
- Part III. On the Third Precept of the Decaloguenn. 701–707
  - Section I. On Hearing Massnn. 702–704
  - Section II. On Cessation from Servile Worksnn. 705–707
- Part IV. On the Fourth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 708–729
  - Section I. On the Duties of Children Toward Parentsnn. 709–711
  - Section II. On the Duties of Parents Toward Childrennn. 712–715
    Scholion I. On Non-Catholic Schoolsn. 714
    Scholion II. On Coeducationn. 715
  - Section III. On the Mutual Duties Both of Other Blood-Relatives and of Spousesnn. 716–718
    Scholion. On the Emancipation of Womenn. 718
  - Section IV. On the Duties of Household Masters and Domestic Servantsnn. 719–720
  - Section V. On the Duties of Employers and Non-Domestic Servants, or Workersnn. 721–723
  - Section VI. On the Duties of Teachers and Pupilsnn. 724–725
  - Section VII. On the Duties of Civil Rulers and Subjectsnn. 726–727
  - Section VIII. On the Duties of Electors and Deputiesnn. 728–729
- Part V. On the Fifth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 730–751
  - Section I. On the Killing of an Innocent Personnn. 731–740
    Chapter I. On the Killing of an Innocent Person in Generaln. 731
    Chapter II. On the Killing of a Fetus in Particularnn. 732–740
    Article I. On Abortionnn. 732–736
    Article II. On Embryotomy, Etcnn. 737–740
    Scholion. On Mutilation, Imprisonment, and Beating of an Innocent Personn. 740
  - Section II. On the Killing of a Criminalnn. 741–742
    Scholion. On Mutilation and Beating of a Criminaln. 742
  - Section III. On the Killing of an Unjust Aggressornn. 743–751
    Scholion I. On Duelingnn. 747–750
    Scholion II. On Warn. 751
- Part VI. On the Sixth and Ninth Precepts of the Decaloguen. 752
- Part VII. On the Seventh and Tenth Precepts of the Decaloguenn. 753–1045
  - Section I. On Commutative Justice Itselfnn. 758–974
    Chapter I. On Commutative Justice Generallynn. 758–827
    Article I. On the Nature and Division of Commutative Justicenn. 758–759
    Article II. On the Objects of Commutative Justice, or on Strict Rightsnn. 760–827
    § I. On Strict Rights Considered in Themselvesnn. 760–777
    Point I. On Ownership Generallynn. 760–766
    I. On the Notion, Division, Legitimacy, and Necessity of Ownershipnn. 760–763
    Scholion. On High or Eminent Ownershipn. 764
    II. On the Objects of Ownershipnn. 765–766
    Point II. On Limited Ownershipsnn. 767–777
    I. On Usufructnn. 767–770
    II. On Usen. 771
    III. On Servitudenn. 772–774
    IV. On Possessionnn. 775–777
    § II. On the Different Subjects of Strict Rightsnn. 778–787
    Point I. On the Ownership of Children of the Familyn. 778
    Point II. On the Ownership of Spousesn. 779
    Point III. On the Ownership of Clericsnn. 780–781
    Point IV. On the Ownership of Religiousnn. 782–784
    Point V. On the Ownership of Moral Personsnn. 785–787
    § III. On the Modes of Acquiring Strict Rightsnn. 788–827
    Point I. On Occupationnn. 789–798
    I. On the Occupation of Animalsnn. 791–794
    II. On the Occupation of Treasurenn. 795–796
    III. On the Occupation of Lost Thingsnn. 797–798
    Point II. On Production and Specificationnn. 799–802
    Point III. On Accessionnn. 803–804
    Point IV. On Prescriptionnn. 805–811
    I. On Prescription Generallynn. 805–807
    II. On Acquisitive Prescriptionn. 808
    III. On Liberative Prescriptionnn. 809–810
    Scholion. On Prescription for Ecclesiastical Goodsn. 811
    Point V. On Hereditary Successionnn. 812–827
    I. On Hereditary Succession Generallynn. 812–817
    II. On Testamentary Successionnn. 818–822
    Scholion. On Legaciesnn. 823–824
    III. On Legal Succession or Succession Ab Intestaton. 825
    Scholion I. On a Testament and Legacy for Pious Causesn. 826
    Scholion II. Practical Warningsn. 827
    Chapter II. On Commutative Justice in Contractsnn. 828–974
    Article I. On Contracts Generallynn. 828–861
    § I. On the Notion and Division of Contractnn. 828–829
    § II. On the Subject of Contractnn. 830–831
    § III. On the Object of Contractnn. 832–833
    § IV. On the Intrinsic Form of Contract, or on Consentnn. 834–842
    Point I. On the Qualities of Consentn. 834
    Point II. On the Obstacles of Consentnn. 835–842
    I. Errornn. 836–837
    II. Fearnn. 838–840
    Scholion. Lesionnn. 841–842
    § V. On the Extrinsic Form of Contractnn. 843–844
    § VI. On the Effects of Contractnn. 845–861
    Point I. On the Effects of a Contract under a Conditionnn. 847–849
    Point II. On the Effects of a Contract under a Modenn. 850–851
    Point III. On the Effects of a Contract for a Causenn. 852–853
    Point IV. On the Effects of a Contract for a Dayn. 854
    Point V. On the Effects of an Alternative Contractn. 855
    Point VI. On the Effects of a Contract under a Penaltynn. 856–857
    Point VII. On the Effects of a Contract Confirmed by Oathnn. 858–861
    Scholion. On a Contract Void by Civil Lawnn. 859–861
    Article II. On Contracts in Speciesnn. 862–974
    § I. On Promisenn. 862–865
    § II. On Donationnn. 866–876
    Scholion. On Donation for a Pious Causenn. 873–876
    § III. On Deposit and Sequestrationnn. 877–880
    § IV. On Commodatum and Precariumnn. 881–883
    § V. On Mutuumnn. 884–891
    Scholion. On Monts-De-Piete and Savings Banksnn. 890–891
    § VI. On Buying and Sellingnn. 892–905
    Point I. On Buying and Selling Generallynn. 892–899
    Point II. On Some Buyings and Sellings in Speciesnn. 900–905
    Scholion. On the Sale of Ecclesiastical Goodsn. 905
    § VII. On Letting-Hiringnn. 906–924
    Point I. On the Letting-Hiring of Thingsnn. 907–911
    Scholion. On the Letting-Hiring of Ecclesiastical Thingsn. 911
    Point II. On the Letting of Work, or on the Contract of Rendering Worknn. 912–919
    Scholion. On the Contract of Rendering Certain Servicesn. 919
    Point III. On the Letting of a Work, or on the Contract of Rendering a Worknn. 920–924
    Scholion. On Labornn. 922–924
    § VIII. On Censusnn. 925–927
    § IX. On the Partnership Contractnn. 928–931
    § X. On Mandate and the Management of Affairsnn. 932–937
    § XI. On Exchangenn. 938–940
    § XII. On Aleatory Contractsnn. 941–958
    Point I. On Insurancenn. 941–946
    Point II. On Gamingnn. 947–949
    Point III. On Wageringnn. 950–951
    Point IV. On Drawing Lotsnn. 952–953
    Point V. On Stock-Exchange Gamesnn. 954–956
    Point VI. On Settlement and Arbitrationnn. 957–958
    § XIII. On Subsidiary Contractsnn. 959–974
    Point I. On Suretyshipnn. 959–963
    Point II. On Pledgenn. 964–967
    Point III. On Hypothecnn. 968–974
    Scholion. On the Alienation of Ecclesiastical Thingsnn. 973–974
  - Section II. On Injustice and on Restitutionnn. 975–1045
    Chapter I. On Injustice in Commonnn. 976–978
    Chapter II. On Restitution in Commonnn. 979–1025
    Article I. Notion, Obligation, and Titles of Restitutionnn. 979–981
    Article II. The Subject and Object of Restitutionnn. 982–1009
    § I. On Unjust Possessorsnn. 982–992
    Point I. On the Possessor in Good Faithnn. 983–985
    Point II. On the Possessor in Bad Faithnn. 986–990
    Point III. On the Possessor in Doubtful Faithnn. 991–992
    § II. On Those who Merely Inflicted Damagenn. 993–995
    § III. On Those who Impede Another from Obtaining a Goodn. 996
    § IV. On Those who Cooperate in Injusticenn. 997–1009
    Point I. On Positive Cooperatorsnn. 998–1004
    I. On the One Commandingn. 999
    II. On the One Counselingn. 1000
    III. On the One Consentingn. 1001
    IV. On the Flatterern. 1002
    V. On the Receivern. 1003
    VI. On the Participantn. 1004
    Point II. On Negative Cooperatorsn. 1005
    Point III. On the Measure and Order by which Cooperators Are Held to Restitutionnn. 1006–1009
    Scholion I. On the Doubtful Damagern. 1008
    Scholion II. On Juridical Fault; Likewise on a Contract or Law Interveningn. 1009
    Article III. The Person to whom Restitution Is to Be Madenn. 1010–1013
    Scholion. On the Case in which Someone Cannot Satisfy All Creditorsnn. 1012–1013
    Article IV. The Time of Restitutionn. 1014
    Article V. The Place of Restitutionn. 1015
    Article VI. The Mode of Restitutionn. 1016
    Article VII. Causes Extinguishing or Suspending the Obligation of Restitutionnn. 1017–1025
    § I. Causes Extinguishing the Obligationnn. 1017–1020
    § II. Causes Suspending the Obligationnn. 1021–1025
    Scholion. On Juridical Delay of Payment, on Voluntary Cession of Goods, and on Cession in Courtnn. 1023–1025
    Chapter III. On Injustice and Restitution in Particular Casesnn. 1026–1045
    Article I. On Goods of Fortunenn. 1026–1034
    § I. On Theftnn. 1026–1034
    Point I. On Theft in Generalnn. 1026–1028
    Point II. On Minor Thefts in Particularnn. 1029–1031
    Point III. On Causes Excusing the Taking Away of Another's Thingnn. 1032–1033
    Point IV. On Mere Damaging in Goods of Fortunen. 1034
    Article II. On Goods of the Bodynn. 1035–1037
    Article III. On Goods of the Soulnn. 1038–1039
    Article IV. On the Good of Chastity and Modestynn. 1040–1045
    § I. On Stuprumnn. 1040–1041
    Scholion. On the Obligation of the Man Committing Stuprum and of the Woman Subjected to It with Respect to Offspringn. 1041
    § II. On Adulterynn. 1042–1045
    Article V. On the Good of Reputation, Honor, Secrecy, and Truth
- Appendix I. On Distributive Justice in Particularnn. 1046–1048
- Appendix II. On Legal Justicenn. 1049–1061
  - I. On Taxesnn. 1051–1055
  - II. On Succession Taxnn. 1056–1058
  - III. On Military Servicenn. 1059–1060
  - IV. On the Observance of Other Social Lawsn. 1061
- Part VIII. On the Eighth Precept of the Decaloguenn. 1062–1091
  - Section I. On the Injury of Truth, or on Lyingnn. 1062–1065
  - Section II. On the Injury of Reputationnn. 1066–1079
    Chapter I. On Detractionnn. 1066–1075
    Article I. On the Notion, Division, and Morality of Detractionnn. 1066–1069
    Article II. On Causes Excusing Detractionn. 1070
    Article III. On Restitution on Account of Detractionnn. 1071–1074
    Article IV. On the One Hearing Detractionn. 1075
    Chapter II. On Rash Judgment, Opinion, and Doubtnn. 1076–1079
    Scholion. On Whisperingnn. 1078–1079
  - Section III. On the Injury of Honor, or on Insultnn. 1080–1086
    Scholion. On Derisionnn. 1084–1086
  - Section IV. On Injury of a Secretnn. 1087–1091
Dissertation II. On the Precepts of the Churchnn. 1092–1129
- Part I. On Abstinence and Fastingnn. 1093–1103
  - Section I. On the Law of Abstinencenn. 1094–1098
  - Section II. On the Law of Fastingnn. 1099–1103
- Part II. On Annual Confessionnn. 1104–1107
- Part III. On Easter Communionnn. 1108–1112
- Part IV. On the Prior Censorship of Books and their Prohibitionnn. 1113–1129
  - Section I. On the Prior Censorship of Booksnn. 1115–1117
  - Section II. On the Prohibition of Booksnn. 1118–1124
    Chapter I. On the Prohibition Itselfnn. 1118–1119
    Chapter II. On Prohibited Booksnn. 1120–1121
    Article I. On Books Prohibited by the Law Itselfn. 1120
    Article II. On Books Prohibited by Particular Decreen. 1121
    Chapter III. On Exemption from the Prohibiting Law, and on Permission to Use Prohibited Booksnn. 1122–1124
  - Section III. On Penal Sanctionsnn. 1125–1129
    Scholion. On the Cremation of Bodiesnn. 1126–1129
Dissertation III. On the Precepts or Duties of the States of Lifenn. 1130–1268
- Part I. On the Duties of Certain Secular Personsnn. 1130–1149
  - Section I. On Judgesnn. 1130–1137
  - Section II. On Jurorsn. 1138
  - Section III. On the Accuser and Denunciatornn. 1139–1140
  - Section IV. On Advocatesnn. 1141–1147
    Scholion I. On the Accusednn. 1142–1145
    Scholion II. On Witnessesnn. 1146–1147
  - Section V. On Physicians and Notariesnn. 1148–1149
- Part II. On the Duties of Clericsnn. 1150–1210
  - Section I. Preliminary Notesnn. 1150–1156
    Scholion. On the Reduction of a Cleric to the Lay Statenn. 1154–1156
  - Section II. On the Duties of Clericsnn. 1157–1210
    Chapter I. On the Duties of Clerics Generallynn. 1157–1203
    Article I. On Positive Dutiesnn. 1158–1169
    Scholion. On Celibacynn. 1165–1169
    Article II. On Negative Dutiesnn. 1170–1188
    Scholion. On the Buying and Selling of Bonds and Sharesnn. 1187–1188
    Article III. On the Duty of Reciting the Canonical Hours Specificallynn. 1189–1203
    § I. On the Object of the Preceptnn. 1190–1191
    Point I. On the Matter to Be Recitedn. 1190
    Point II. On the Time and Manner of Recitingn. 1191
    § II. On the Subject of the Preceptn. 1192
    § III. On the Obligation of the Preceptn. 1193
    § IV. On the Causes Excusing from the Obligationnn. 1194–1203
    Scholion I. On Choral Recitationnn. 1198–1202
    Scholion II. On Recitation with a Companionn. 1203
    Chapter II. On the Duties of Certain Clerics Specificallynn. 1204–1210
    Article I. On the Duties of Beneficiaries in Generalnn. 1204–1206
    Article II. On the Duties of Parish Priests in Particularnn. 1207–1208
    Article III. On the Duties of Assistants of Parish Priests in Particularnn. 1209–1210
- Part III. On the Duties of Religiousnn. 1211–1268
  - Section I. Preliminary Notesnn. 1211–1233
    Chapter I. On the Religious Statenn. 1211–1214
    Chapter II. On Religionnn. 1215–1218
    Chapter III. On Admission into Religionnn. 1219–1233
    Article I. On Vocation to Religionnn. 1219–1222
    Article II. On Admission Itself into Religionnn. 1223–1233
    § I. On Postulancyn. 1223
    § II. On the Novitiatenn. 1224–1227
    § III. On Religious Professionnn. 1228–1233
    Scholion. On Profession in Danger of Deathn. 1233
  - Section II. On the Duties of Religiousnn. 1234–1268
    Chapter I. On the Substantial Duties of Religiousnn. 1234–1258
    Article I. On the Pursuit of Acquiring Perfectionnn. 1235–1236
    Article II. On the Observance of Vowsnn. 1237–1255
    § I. On the Vow of Povertynn. 1237–1248
    Scholion. On Common Lifenn. 1246–1248
    § II. On the Vow of Chastitynn. 1249–1252
    § III. On the Vow of Obediencenn. 1253–1255
    Article III. On the Observance of Rules and Constitutionsnn. 1256–1258
    Chapter II. On Certain Other Dutiesnn. 1259–1268
    Scholion. On the Privileges of Religiousn. 1268