Treatise — Bontempi, Palladium Theologicum V · from Schola Thomistica
Treatise I: On the Theological Virtues
Contents
- Prologue
Disputation I: On Faith
- Question I: What faith signifies, and what it is
- Question II: What the object of faith is
- Question III: Whether the object of faith is something complex
- Question IV: Whether the object of faith can be false
- Question V: Whether the object of faith can be evident scientifically
- Question VI: Whether faith is concerned with those things which are seen by vision in this life
- Question VII: Whether the articles of faith are evidently credible
- Question VIII: Whether the things to be believed are rightly arranged in articles
- Question IX: Whether the articles of faith have grown over the course of time
- Question X: Whether faith has grown as regards its light
- Question XI: Whether faith has grown in certitude
- Question XII: Whether the articles of faith are to be expounded by some authority which is an infallible teacher, and what it is
- Question XIII: What are the marks of the true Church, in which the authority of expounding faith resides
- Question XIV: What must be believed by the necessity of means
- Question XV: What things are to be believed by the necessity of precept
- Question XVI: Whether we are bound to confess faith, and when
- Question XVII: Whether it is lawful to dispute about faith, and when
- Question XVIII: Whether faith resides in the intellect
- Question XIX: Whether faith is perfected by charity, as by its form
- Question XX: Whether it is certain that faith remains without charity
- Question XXI: Whether, and how, faith is a virtue
- Question XXII: Whether faith is one virtue
- Question XXIII: Whether faith is the first of the virtues
- Question XXIV: Whether faith is more certain than any science, or than any intellectual habit
- Question XXV: Whether one can know with certainty that he has faith
- Question XXVI: In whom faith is found
- Question XXVII: Whether faith is a substantial gift of God
- Question XXVIII: Whether the difference between faith and other acts, natural as opposed to supernatural moral acts, always arises from the object
- Question XXIX: On the effects of faith
Question XXX: On the gift of understanding
- Doubt I: Whether understanding is a gift of the Holy Ghost
- Doubt II: Whether the gift of understanding can coexist with faith
- Doubt III: Whether the gift of understanding consists in the contemplation of the Creator and of the creature
- Doubt IV: Whether the gift of understanding is found in all who have grace, and whether in these alone
- Doubt V: What is the necessity and utility of the gift of understanding
- Doubt VI: Whether the sixth beatitude, Blessed are the clean of heart, corresponds to the gift of understanding
- Doubt VII: Whether faith, among the fruits of the Holy Ghost, corresponds to the gift of understanding
Disputation II: On Unbelief
- Question I: What unbelief is, and what kind of sin it is
- Question II: Whether all the works of unbelievers are sins
- Question III: Whether unbelievers can be compelled to hear the faith
- Question IV: Whether unbelievers can be compelled to embrace our faith, when it has been sufficiently set forth
- Question V: Whether unbaptized unbelievers can be compelled to abandon errors or rites contrary to natural reason
- Question VI: Whether the rites of unbelievers are to be permitted
- Question VII: Whether it is lawful to make agreements with unbelievers about the toleration of their rites
- Question VIII: Whether unbaptized unbelievers can retain power over the faithful, and whether they can be deprived of it
Disputation III: On Heresy
- Question I: What heresy is
- Question II: Whether one who doubts about the articles of faith is a heretic
- Question III: Whether one who gives merely opinionative assent to an article of faith is a heretic
- Question IV: Whether ignorance excuses from heresy, and what ignorance
- Question V: What pertinacity is required for heresy
- Question VI: Whether, for one to be deemed a heretic, it is necessary that he have been baptized and one of the faithful
- Question VII: Whether the Church can compel heretics to receive the Catholic faith
- Question VIII: On the other means the Church uses against heretics, by forbidding their books
- Question IX: Whether we are bound to avoid the conversation of heretics
- Question X: What excommunication is inflicted upon heretics
- Question XI: On the other spiritual punishments of heretics
- Question XII: On the temporal punishments of heretics
Disputation IV: On Hope
- Question I: What hope is
- Question II: What the material object of hope is
- Question III: What the formal object of hope is
- Question IV: Whether a certain object is set forth for hope, and is hoped for
- Question V: Whether hope is a virtue
- Question VI: Whether hope is a theological virtue
- Question VII: Whether hope is at times formless
- Question VIII: Whether hope arises from merits
- Question IX: Whether hope precedes charity
- Question X: What the proximate subject of hope is
- Question XI: Whether hope remains in the blessed
Disputation V: On the Gift of Fear
- Question I: Whether fear is a habit distinct from hope
- Question II: What the object of fear is
- Question III: Whether worldly fear is always evil
- Question IV: Whether servile fear is honorable, and a gift of God
- Question V: Whether servile fear is cast out when grace comes
- Question VI: Whether initial and filial fear differ specifically
- Question VII: Whether, as charity grows, fear diminishes
- Question VIII: Whether gratuitous fear remains in heaven
- Question IX: Whether poverty of spirit corresponds to the gift of fear
- Question X: On the effects, and the precept, of the fear of God
Disputation VIII: On Charity
- Question I: What charity is
- Question II: What the object of charity is
- Question III: Whether charity is properly the friendship of God
- Question IV: Whether charity is a created habit
- Question V: Whether charity is one special virtue
- Question VI: Whether charity is of a most special species
- Question VII: Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues
- Question VIII: Whether charity is the form of the virtues
- Question IX: Whether besides infused charity there is another charity, acquired by our own acts
- Question X: Whether charity can be formless
- Question XI: Whether charity increases, and how
- Question XII: Whether charity can be increased without limit
- Question XIII: Whether, and how, charity in this life is perfect
- Question XIV: Whether charity can be diminished
- Question XV: Whether charity can be lost, and how
- Question XVI: What is the proximate subject of charity
- Question XVII: Whether God alone is to be loved out of charity, or the neighbor also
- Question XVIII: Whether charity is to be loved out of charity
- Question XIX: Whether all gratuitous gifts are to be loved out of charity
- Question XX: Whether irrational creatures are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXI: Whether a man ought to love himself out of charity
- Question XXII: Whether a man ought to love his own body out of charity
- Question XXIII: Whether sinners are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXIV: Whether it is necessary to love enemies out of charity
- Question XXV: Whether we are bound to show the effects of charity toward enemies, and which
- Question XXVI: Whether angels are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXVII: Whether demons, and the damned, are to be loved out of charity
- Question XXVIII: Whether it is fitting that four things to be loved out of charity are enumerated
- Question XXIX: Whether God, and the neighbor, are loved with the same habit of charity
- Question XXX: Whether there is order in charity
- Question XXXI: Whether God is to be loved more than the neighbor
- Question XXXII: Whether a man ought out of charity to love God more than himself
- Question XXXIII: Whether nature inclines more to loving God than to loving ourselves
- Question XXXIV: Whether a man ought to love himself more than his neighbor
- Question XXXV: Whether the eternal salvation of the neighbor is to be loved more than our own life
- Question XXXVI: Whether one neighbor is to be loved more than another
- Question XXXVII: Whether a son is to be loved more than a father
- Question XXXVIII: Whether a man ought out of charity to love his mother more than his father
- Question XXXIX: Whether a man ought to love his spouse more than his parents, and children
- Question XL: Whether the order of charity is considered in the affection, and in the effect
- Question XLI: Whether the order of charity remains in heaven
- Question XLII: Whether it is more proper to charity to love than to be loved
- Question XLIII: Whether love is the same as benevolence
- Question XLIV: Whether God ought, and can, be loved in this life with the whole heart, the whole soul, the whole mind, and all one's strength
- Question XLV: Whether some measure is to be kept in divine love
- Question XLVI: Whether charity ought to be enlarged in heaven
- Question XLVII: Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than a friend
- Question XLVIII: Whether a man established in however small a charity is bound to undergo death for Christ
- Question XLIX: Whether those having perfect charity are bound to fulfill the things that are of perfection
- Question L: How, and when, the precept of the love of God binds
- Question LI: Whether a man is bound at the first instant of the use of reason to turn to God
- Question LII: How, and when, the precept of the love of the neighbor binds
Disputation X: On the External Effects of Charity
Section II: On Almsgiving
- Question I: Whether to give alms is an act of charity
- Question II: Whether the kinds of almsgiving are fittingly distinguished
- Question III: Whether almsgiving is a matter of precept
- Question IV: Whether there is a precept to give superfluities to the poor in common necessities
- Question V: Whether anyone is bound at some time to give alms from things necessary to his state, apart from the extreme necessity of the neighbor
- Question VI: Whether alms is owed in justice to one in extreme need
- Question VII: Whether alms ought to be given from justly possessed goods
Disputation XIX: On the Gift of Wisdom
- Question I: What kind of gift wisdom is
- Question II: What is the usefulness, and necessity, of this gift
- Question III: How the gift of wisdom is obtained from God
- Question IV: On the illumination that wisdom brings
- Question V: On the spiritual delights of wisdom
- Question VI: How folly is opposed to wisdom
- Question VII: Whether the seventh beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom
Disputation XX: On Prudence
- Question I: What prudence is
- Question II: Whether prudence is a virtue
- Question III: What the offices of prudence are
- Question IV: Who share in prudence
- Question V: How prudence is acquired, and lost
- Question VI: On the parts of the virtue of prudence
Question VII: How certain rules of prudence, applicable to the monastic and the political state, are drawn from the angelic hierarchy
- Section I: On the Prudence That Men Bound by Solemn Vows Claim from the First Choir of Angels
- Section II: On the Government of the Prelates of the Church, Likened to the First Choir of the Second Hierarchy, the Dominations
- Section III: On the Prudence of Judges, Compared with the Virtues, from the Second Order of the Second Hierarchy
- Section IV: On the Government of Princes, Likened to the Powers
- Section V: On the Prudence of Individuals, from the Lowest Hierarchy
- Question VIII: Whether there is one prudence for all the moral virtues
Disputation XXII: On the Vices Contrary to Prudence
- Question I: On precipitation
- Question II: On inconsideration
- Question III: On inconstancy
- Question IV: On negligence
- Question V: On the prudence of the flesh
- Question VI: On cunning
- Question VII: On guile
- Question VIII: On fraud
- Question IX: On solicitude for temporal things
- Question X: On solicitude for the future
- Question XI: On the precepts of prudence
Disputation XXIII: On Justice
- Question I: Whether right is the object of justice
- Question II: What justice is
- Question III: Whether justice is a special virtue
- Question IV: In what subject justice consists
- Question V: Whether justice is the most excellent of the moral virtues
- Question VI: What kind of sin injustice is, and how it is committed
- Question VII: Whether judgment is an act of justice
- Question VIII: In what respect the public judgment of a judge is just
- Question IX: In what respect private judgment of the neighbor is unlawful
- Question X: Whether distributive justice differs in species from commutative
Disputation XXIV: On Restitution
- Question I: What restitution is
- Question II: Whether restitution is necessary for salvation
- Question IV: To whom restitution is to be made
Question V: What ought to be restored
Subquestion II: What things are to be restored by reason of the manner in which they were acquired
- Doubt I: When a thing acquired by contract is to be restored
- Doubt II: When things acquired by donation ought to be restored
- Doubt III: When things acquired by prescription are to be restored
- Doubt IV: When a thing acquired as wages for discharging an office is to be restored
- Doubt V: Whether the wages of harlotry are to be restored
- Doubt VI: When things acquired by fowling, fishing, and hunting are to be restored
- Doubt VII: When things acquired by the use of common things are to be restored
- Doubt VIII: Whether things acquired in illicit games are to be restored
- Doubt IX: What is to be restored by reason of finding
- Question VI: How much is to be restored
Question VII: When restitution is to be made, and the causes excusing from it
Subquestion IV: On two further causes excusing from restitution on the part of the debtor
- Doubt I: Whether entrance into religion excuses from restitution
- Doubt II: Whether cession of goods excuses from restitution
- Doubt III: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the creditor
- Doubt IV: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the thing itself
- Doubt V: On the causes excusing from restitution on the part of the public authority
- Question VIII: Where restitution is to be made
- Question IX: How restitution is to be made
- Question X: In what order restitution is to be made
Disputation XXVI: On Homicide
- Question I: What homicide is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: On homicide of deliberate purpose, by ambush, and by treachery
- Question III: Whether one who commands a homicide is to be burdened with the same guilt and punishment as the one who carries it out
- Question IV: Whether an attempted homicide, and other attempted crimes, are to be punished with the same penalty as the crime committed
Question VI: Whether it is lawful to kill a man within the limits of blameless defense, in defense of oneself or one's goods
- Doubt I: Whether it is lawful to kill someone to preserve one's honor, rather than flee
- Doubt II: Whether one who is attacked is bound in some case to kill the aggressor
- Doubt III: Whether it is lawful, in defense of one's own goods, to kill a thief
- Doubt IV: Whether, in defense of chastity, it is lawful to kill the assailant
- Question VII: Whether, and how, the duel is unlawful
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful for a husband to kill a wife caught in adultery, and a father his daughter, and a brother his sister, together with the seducer
- Question X: Whether a pregnant mother may, to save her own life, procure the abortion of the fetus
- Question XI: On accidental homicide
- Question XII: Whether a judge can condemn to death an innocent man who has been proved guilty at the trial
- Question XIII: Whether princes can grant license to kill outlaws
- Question XIV: On the restitution owed on account of homicide, or mutilation
- Question XV: Whether the mutilation of a limb is ever lawful
- Question XVI: Whether it is lawful to imprison or beat another
Disputation XXVII: On Theft and Robbery
- Question I: What dominion is
- Question II: Whether it is lawful to have private dominion over things
- Question III: What theft is
- Question V: Whether theft is mortal when, after many tiny thefts, a further small one makes the whole grave
- Question VI: Whether in extreme, or urgent, necessity it is lawful to take what belongs to another
- Question VII: On the thefts of religious
- Question VIII: Whether men can be reduced to slavery, and sold
- Question IX: Whether slaves can wrest themselves from their masters
- Question X: Whether it is lawful, by private authority, to recover what is ours
- Question XI: On the punishment of thieves
- Question XII: On the restitution of thefts
Disputation XXVIII: On the Judge
- Question I: Whether power is necessary in a judge
- Question II: Whether a judge ought to follow the truth, and therefore be wise
- Question III: Whether the acts of a judge who has not a true but only a putative title are valid, so that not even he sins
- Question IV: Whether the Pope can subject himself to someone's judgment
- Question V: Whether goodness is necessary in a judge
- Question VI: On the external purity of the hands of the judge
- Question VII: Whether excommunicated judges sin in judging, and judge invalidly
Disputation XXIX: On the Accused
- Question I: On the bringing of the accused to the tribunal
- Question II: Whether the accused is bound to confess a crime half-proven
- Question III: Whether an accused, defamed for one crime, can be questioned about others also
- Question IV: Whether one convicted of a crime can be questioned about hidden accomplices of whom there is no ill repute
- Question V: Whether an accused who unjustly denies a true crime, for which he was to be condemned to a fine, is bound to pay it, and is liable to restitution
- Question VI: Whether an accused who has unjustly denied the truth when he was to be condemned is bound to retract before the end of the trial
- Question VII: Whether, if the accused is interrogated again, he can give only a relative answer, saying: as I answered
- Question VIII: How the accused ought to conduct himself in his examination, when pressed by the judge's unjust questions
- Question IX: Whether it is lawful for the accused to appeal to another judge
- Question X: Whether, and how, the accused can defend himself
- Question XI: Whether the accused can flee, and how, and when
Disputation XXXI: On the Advocate
- Question I: Who can and ought to exercise this office
- Question II: On the sins of a wicked advocate
- Question III: Whether an advocate is liable for light fault
- Question IV: Whether an advocate engaged by the year is worthy of his fee in a year in which he did nothing
- Question V: Whether an advocate is bound to defend a client gratis in grave necessity
- Question VI: Whether an advocate can receive gifts
Disputation XXXIV: On Detraction
- Question I: What detraction is, and of how many kinds
- Question II: Whether detraction is a mortal sin
- Question III: Whether it is mortal to reveal a hidden crime to one, or two prudent men, who will keep silent about it
- Question IV: Whether material detraction, which comes from talkativeness, is mortal
- Question V: Whether it is mortal to keep silent about another's good name when it is blackened
- Question VI: On the various cases in which detraction seems to be excused
- Question VII: Whether it is ever lawful to defame another falsely, or to reveal his hidden crime
- Question VIII: Whether it is lawful to narrate a crime, notorious in one place, in another, where it is not known
- Question IX: Whether it is lawful to reveal someone's hidden crime to escape torture
- Question X: Whether anyone can defame himself